O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/12 · Oct/Nov 2023 · Q525 Marks

(a) Study Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 (Insert), maps showing the literacy rate for two different age groups. Fig. 5.1 shows the literacy rate for people aged 15 to 24 years. Fig. 5.2 shows the literacy rate for people aged over 65 years.

(a)(i)In which one of the following countries was the literacy rate the same for people aged 15 to 24 and people aged over 65? (Circle) your answer. China India New Zealand Tanzania[1]
(a)(ii)Put the following countries in rank order of their literacy rate for people aged over 65. China India New Zealand Tanzania 1st .............................................................. highest literacy rate 2nd .............................................................. 3rd .............................................................. 4th .............................................................. lowest literacy rate[2]
(a)(iii)Using Fig. 5.2, compare the literacy rates of people aged over 65 in Africa and North America.[3]
(a)(iv)Name two other development indicators. For each one explain how it shows the level of development of a country. indicator 1 explanation indicator 2 explanation[4]
(b)Study Fig. 5.3, a triangular graph showing the employment structure of Bangladesh (an LEDC in Asia) in 1970 and 2020.
(b)(i)Using Fig. 5.3, compare the employment structure of Bangladesh in 1970 and 2020. Do not use statistics in your answer.[3]
(b)(ii)Explain how changes in technology can result in changes in the employment structure of a country.[5]
(c)For a named transnational corporation you have studied, describe its characteristics and global links. Name of transnational corporation ..............................................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] New Zealand
1 mark
[2] New Zealand, China, Tanzania, India (correct order needed).
All 4 correct = 2 marks
2/3 correct = 1 mark
0/1 = 0
2 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as:
Higher in North America/lower in Africa/people are more literate in North America;
Appropriate comparative statistics e.g.: All above 70% (90%) in North America but no area above 70% in Africa/above 70% (90%) in North America but areas with 10–19% in Africa etc.
More varied literacy levels in Africa;
Comparative statistics e.g.: All above 70% (90%) in North America but in Africa literacy ranges between less than 10% and 69%.
Note: Accept North America as either just USA and Canada or USA, Canada and Mexico. Percentage sign not needed. MAX 1 for statistics.
3 @ 1 mark
[4] Indicators such as:
GNP/GDP/GNI (per capita);
Human Development Index/HDI;
Employment structure/% in primary/tertiary sector etc;
(Average) amount of energy used per person;
Percentage in secondary education/number of years of schooling;
Infant mortality rate;
Death rate/life expectancy/percentage over 65;
Birth rate/percentage under 15;
Percentage with Internet access;
Percentage with electricity;
Percentage with access to clean water/improved sanitation;
People per doctor;
Percentage living in urban areas;
Etc.
2 marks for stating the indicators with a further two marks for how it shows the level of development of a country.
E.g. percentage in secondary education (1), the higher the percentage the higher the literacy level/the more educated the population will be/the more developed the country will be (2).
Note: 1 The indicator should be a numerical measurement and the explanation must make clear how it shows development e.g. the higher the GNP the higher the level of development/greater the wealth of the population. 2 If the indicator is not credited cannot credit explanation.
4 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as by 2020:
Primary sector was lower/had decreased;
Secondary sector was higher/had increased;
Tertiary sector was higher/had increased;
In 1970 primary was highest but by 2020 tertiary was highest;
In 1970 secondary was lowest but by 2020 primary was lowest.
3 @ 1 mark
[5] Ideas such as:
Introduction of machinery/technology encourages growth of manufacturing industry/more workers in secondary sector;
Introduction of machinery/technology on farms reduces importance of primary sector/the need for workers;
Development of technology in factories/machines/assembly lines/automation/reduces need for workers in secondary sector;
Communications technology/phone/fax/computers/information technology/internet encourages development of tertiary sector (or example e.g. online businesses);
Development of information technology/computers/ internet/artificial intelligence (AI) encourages growth of quaternary sector;
Development of air travel technology or example increases employment in tourist industry;
Growth of online retail reduces need for shop workers;
Growth of online banking reduces need for bank workers;
Etc.
5 @ 1 mark or development
[7] Levels marking
Level 1 (1-3 marks): Statements including limited detail which describe characteristics and/or global links of a transnational corporation.
Level 2 (4-6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements which describe characteristics and/or global links of a transnational corporation. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example.)
Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe characteristics/global links of a transnational corporation, including some place specific reference.
Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Location; Size; Inputs; Output; Processes; Workforce; Trade; Etc.
Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details/named locations, Specific details of products etc.