O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/22 · Oct/Nov 2022 · Q68 Marks

Fig. 6.1 shows the employment structure for countries with different incomes in 2019. [Figure 6.1]

(a)Using Fig. 6.1, complete the table for middle income countries below: low income countries middle income countries high income countries percentage primary employment 62 30 3 percentage secondary employment 12 22 percentage tertiary employment 26 75[2]
(b)Explain why the employment structure of a country changes as it develops.[4]
(c)State two economic benefits of increasing globalisation.[2]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] Secondary: 25 (%) accept 24%; Tertiary: 45 (%) accept 46%.
[4] Increasing mechanisation; Depletion of (natural) resources/loss of agricultural land/urbanisation/increase in industry/housing/distribution centres; Increasing imports; (food, raw materials, and manufactured goods) Increasing demand for/increase in amount of services/named e.g., more (disposable) income to be spent on services/example (e.g., in the leisure industry); More leisure time available (so more jobs in tourism); People live longer so more need for services/example (e.g., medical care); Advancements in high tech(nology)/ICT; Increase in research and development; Businesses/tertiary industry/companies/R&D requires more expertise/trained labour; Investment by multinationals; Higher level of education/skills/more people trained; Availability of higher paid jobs/fewer physical jobs (e.g., quaternary/tertiary); Tertiary/quaternary sectors/named example (e.g., tourism) earn more money/profit for a country.
[2] Increasing choice of goods/more products available/access to more resources; Lower cost of goods/economies of scale; More jobs (in some countries)/new jobs available/people gain skills; Increased flow of capital/more (international/MNC) investment/increased foreign exchange (forex)/currency/easier to set up MNCs; (allow 'easier' in place of 'more') Decreases cost of manufacturing; Increases GDP/GNP/GNI country's output; Greater customer base for companies/more markets; Access to more varied workforce/skills; Remittances/workers send money back to own country; Higher levels of international tourism (brings in money to invest/jobs); Less barriers to trade/increased trade between countries/more imports/exports/trade agreements between countries/trade costs/tariffs reduced/cheaper trade.