Study Fig. 6.1, which shows a flow diagram of a processing industry.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] An industry where raw materials/inputs changed into a final product/goods/useful materials. 1 mark
2. [2] Outputs such as: Aluminium; Waste/red mud; Fumes. 2 @ 1 mark
3. [3] Ideas such as: Large amounts of raw material/bauxite are needed/bauxite is the main raw material/input; Bauxite is heavy/bulky/5 tonnes of bauxite are needed to make one tonne of aluminium; Only small amounts of other inputs/caustic soda are needed; Bulk/weight is reduced in processing; The finished product/aluminium is not heavy; Transport costs are reduced/costs a lot to transport bauxite etc. 3 @ 1 mark
4. [4] Ideas such as: Large amounts of electricity/energy are needed; HEP is a cheap form of power/costs are reduced; No need for electricity transmission grids over long distances; Electricity will always be available/supplies will not run out; If companies own the smelters they do not have to pay outside companies for electricity etc. 4 @ 1 mark
5. [3] Ideas such as: Roads/railways used for transportation of raw materials/finished products/goods; Docks use for exporting/importing/trade/commerce; Large urban population provides a market/workforce etc. 3 @ 1 mark
6. [5] Reasons could include reference to: Lack of space/need to expand; Too many other industries taking up the nearby space (dev) The areas roads may be congested; And much time will be wasted in traffic (dev) Excessive cost of land; Cheaper land may be available on edge of city (dev) Government incentives/disincentives or examples; E.g. tax concessions, subsidies for locating in enterprise zones (dev) Consideration of areas where labour is cheaper/more available; E.g. in LEDCs where wages are low, areas of high unemployment (dev) Growth of new markets/closer to bigger market In areas where population is growing rapidly (dev) Move away from competitors; So that they can sell items without competition (dev) Move to be close to suppliers/natural resources/other branches of company/ initial supplies of raw materials used up; To reduce transport costs (dev); Near to an airport; For access to international markets (dev) Authorities taking action about/complaints from residents about noise/air pollution etc; Which would prevent them from producing at full capacity (dev) 5 @ 1 mark or development Note:. 1 Points can be credited for development or stand-alone ideas. 2 Development ideas are just examples and are not exhaustive. 3 Only allow 1 × dev mark for each idea.
7. [7] Levels marking Level 1(1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain how sufficient water is supplied for industrial use. Level 2(4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed or linked statements which explain how sufficient water is supplied for industrial use. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3(7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Reservoirs/dams Use of aquifer/underground water Rainfall harvesting Road tankers Wells Pipelines Extraction from rivers Water transfer schemes Desalination etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Names of places and schemes within chosen area/country Specific details/statistics.