Study Fig. 3.1, which shows four climatic zones.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] C 1 mark
2. [2] On/near/close to Equator; within 20 degrees (N/S of Equator); Extends to 30 degrees in small areas or e.g.s South America, Africa and Asia (all needed) 2 marks
3. [3] Ideas such as: They are close to the Equator/low latitudes; Sun is (almost) overhead/high angle (90 degrees); Concentrated rays/rays concentrated in small area/direct sunlight; High/maximum insolation etc. 3 @ 1 mark
4. [4] Ideas such as: Lack of clouds; High pressure; Descending air; No/little evaporation/transpiration; Far from water sources/water bodies/lack of rivers/lakes; Winds blow over large areas of land/offshore winds/dry winds/Trade Winds; Rain shadow; Cold ocean currents etc. 4 @ 1 mark
5. [3] Ideas such as: More caused by commercial agriculture in South America/less caused by commercial agriculture in Africa; Commercial South America 66% Africa 35%/31% more in South America; More caused by subsistence agriculture in Africa/less caused by subsistence agriculture in South America; Subsistence South America 18% Africa 40%/22% more in Africa; Overall agriculture/it causes more deforestation in South America/less in Africa; Overall South America 84% Africa 75%/9% more in South America etc. Main cause is commercial in South America but subsistence is main cause in Africa. Note: One mark reserved for statistics. 3 @ 1 mark
6. [5] Ideas such as: Logging/timber; E.g. hardwoods or examples/high value wood/charcoal/firewood/paper making/use for furniture/for export/to earn foreign currency/building materials; Mining/quarrying/extract minerals; E.g. for oil/iron ore etc. Road building/railways/transport; For access to resources/transport of timber/to connect areas of mining/logging or e.g. Trans-Amazonian Highway; Settlement/build houses/growth of cities; Resettlement schemes/increasing population growth; Industrial development/build factories; Processing of raw materials/resources or e.g.s; Dams/reservoirs; For generation of HEP Little regulation/enforcement of regulations; Profit is being put before the environment etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development Note: 1 Points can be credited for development or stand-alone ideas. 2 Development ideas are just examples and are not exhaustive. 3 Only allow 1 × dev mark for each idea.
7. [7] Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain how deforestation is threatening the local natural environment. Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example Developed or linked statements which explain how deforestation is threatening the local natural environment. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example.) Level 3 (7 marks) Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place detail. Content Guide: Answers are likely to include the following ideas: Species killed/extinction Food chains/ecosystems disrupted Habitats destroyed Soil erosion Leaching of minerals High surface run off flooding river pollution air pollution etc. Place reference is likely to consist of: Names of places within the rainforest Species etc. Note: Threats should be local not global so do not credit Temperature increase Rainfall decrease Evaporation/transpiration decrease Ice melting etc. Plants die/animals die = 1 x L1 Note: Country names not acceptable for e.g.