(a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows information about the problems faced by households after an earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. [Figure 3.1 is a bar chart titled 'households experiencing problem (percentage)'. The y-axis shows percentages from 0 to 35. The x-axis lists various problems: 'lack of shelter' (30%), 'shortage of food' (28%), 'lack of clean water' (empty bar), 'no health care' (10%), 'no work/income' (10%), 'damaged roads' (3%), 'lack of education facilities' (2%), 'poor sanitation' (4%).] (b) Study Fig. 3.2, which is a map showing information about earthquakes which caused more than 10000 deaths in different parts of the world (1900-2011). [Figure 3.2 is a world map showing major plate boundaries as wavy lines and locations of earthquakes causing more than 10,000 deaths (1900-2011) as circles. The circles are primarily clustered along plate boundaries, especially around the Pacific Ocean (Ring of Fire), and in parts of Asia and the Mediterranean region.]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Graph completion (no need to shade)
2. [2] Ideas such as: (Lack of) shelter; (Shortage of) food.
3. [3] Ideas such as: People need clean water supply/water to drink/to live/survive/prevent dehydration; Water/sewage pipes/water treatment stations will be cut off/damaged/broken; No running water; People cannot wash/bath/shower; No flush toilets; Sewage will spill out/contaminate (water supplies/area); Disease/germs from dirty/polluted water or people sick from dirty water/waterborne diseases/examples of such as cholera; Note: No reserve on clean water/sanitation.
4. [4] Ideas such as: Build deep/stronger/sturdier foundations/base; Reinforce/use concrete/bricks for buildings/walls/roofs; Use metal/steel/aluminium beams; Use diagonal bracing; Flexible building materials; Use dampers/shock absorbers in base of building; Computers controlled weights/counter balances on roof/weight on roof; Automatic window shutters; Shatter proof/strong/reinforced glass; Use fire resistant materials; Build low building/do not build high rise; Use automatic cutoff for gas pipes/electricity cables;
5. [3] Ideas such as: Clustered; Linear/lines; Close to plate boundaries; Around Pacific Ring of Fire; More in northern hemisphere/North of equator; E.g. South East/Southern Asia; Middle East; Southern Europe; Caribbean/Central America; Western South America; Mediterranean; MAX 1 mark for an appropriate country name.
6. [5] Ideas such as: Some areas have more/bigger/stronger/higher intensity earthquakes; Dependent on proximity to a plate boundary/only found on plate boundaries/less deaths away from plate boundaries/no deaths away from plate boundaries; Whether boundary is destructive/conservative/constructive (impacts numbers)/the type of movement taking place at the plate boundary; Some areas are more densely populated/higher population/more live there/higher density buildings; Some countries can invest in earthquake proofing/earthquake proof buildings or examples of – no development here; Lack of/quality of rescue services; Quality of health care; Earthquake planning/education about what to do in an earthquake/Earthquake Day or other examples; Monitoring/warning/evacuation planning/creating safe areas (to go to in the event of an earthquake ; Some cause tsunamis; Note: Explanation can refer to areas with high death rates or areas where there are few deaths, no need to be comparative if context is clear.
7. [7] Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain the causes of a volcanic eruption. E.g. converging/destructive = L1 plate boundary = L1 Therefore destructive plate boundary = 2 x L1. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) More developed statements which explain the causes of a volcanic eruption. Note: Names of plates is place specific but not L2. Examples Subduction due to heavier plate = L2 Magma rises due to pressure = L2. Level 3 (7 marks) Comprehensive and accurate statements including place specific information. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Location on plate boundary; Plate movement; Destructive margin or constructive margin processes; Subduction; Pressure; Release of magma; Hot spots; etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Specific details of the areas affected/date; Plate names; etc.