(a) Study Fig. 5, which is a cross section of a cliff and beach. [Fig. 5 is a cross section showing a cliff and beach. The vertical axis represents height in metres (0m to 30m). The horizontal axis represents distance in metres (0m to 40m). The cliff has layers of shale (above 10m) and sandstone (below 10m). At the base of the cliff is a 'wave-cut platform' which extends from 0m to approximately 34-35m horizontally. Beyond the wave-cut platform is a 'beach', sloping gently towards the 'sea'. The 'low water mark' is indicated at the seaward edge of the beach. The beach material is shown at two locations, X and Y, with pie charts. Key for beach material: - sand (dotted shading) - shingle (horizontal stripes) - pebbles (small circles) At X, beach material is mostly shingle and pebbles with some sand. At Y, beach material is mostly sand with some shingle.] (b) Study Photograph B (Insert), which shows an area of coastline. [Photograph B (Insert) would show an image of a coastline, likely featuring cliffs, a beach, and possibly a bay or headland.]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2010). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) 34 – 35
2. [2] (a) (ii) Ideas such as: (Bare) rock surface/sandstone/resistant rock; May have rock pools; May be covered with seaweed; Exposed at low tide/covered at high tide; Remains of former cliff base/at foot of cliff; Flat/gently sloping; Smooth; etc
3. [3] (a) (iii) Differences such as: More sand at Y/less sand at X; More shingle at X/less shingle at Y; More pebbles at X/less pebbles at Y.
4. [4] (a) (iv) Ideas such as: swash in direction of predominant wind; moves materials at (oblique) angle; backwash at right angle/90°/straight back to sea; materials move in zig-zag fashion; etc
5. [3] (b) (i) Features such as: Bay; Beach; Cliffs; Landslip; Headland; Wave cut platform; etc
6. [5] (b) (ii) Ideas such as: e.g. Bay: Features are formed by either erosion or deposition; outcrop of less resistant rock/weak rock/soft rock; eroded rapidly by sea; differential erosion occurs/hard rock erodes more slowly than soft rock(dev); by processes such as hydraulic action/abrasion etc (dev); e.g. beach formed by constructive waves; stronger swash than backwash; materials deposited; materials build up over time (dev); refraction of waves in bay (dev); etc MAX 4 on any one feature
7. [7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail describing benefits and/or problems of living near the coast. (e.g. fishing, tourism, ports, storms, coastal erosion, need to build bridges; etc) Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example More developed statements describing benefits and/or problems of living near the coast. (e.g. ports can be set up and people make a living from inshore/deep sea fishing, tourism industry can be established giving jobs in hotels, ports grow up and industries will be attracted there to use the raw materials imported/export finished products, storms can damage housing/cause coastal flooding, coastal erosion can cause collapse of cliff top buildings, need to bridge/detour around estuaries; etc) NB Max 5 if no named example Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example (e.g. Californian coast). Comprehensive and accurate statements describing benefits and problems of living near the coast, including some place specific reference. (e.g. ports like Monterrey have grown up and people make a living from inshore/deep sea fishing, tourism industry has been established in San Francisco giving jobs in the restaurants along the Old Fisherman's Wharf, Oakland is a major port dealing with container traffic from Japan, Hong Kong and China, storms can damage housing/cause coastal flooding, coastal erosion can cause collapse of cliff top buildings in Cambria, need to bridge estuaries by Golden Gate Bridge etc) NB: Annotate 'b' for benefits and 'p' for problems.