(a) Study Fig. 1, a graph which shows average population density by continent. [Fig. 1 is a bar chart showing average population density (per sq km) for different continents. The x-axis ranges from 0 to 1000 population density (per sq km). The y-axis lists continents: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, South America. A vertical dashed line indicates the 'world average'. - Africa: Bar extends to approximately 70-80. - Asia: Bar extends to approximately 320-330, crossing the world average line. - Europe: Bar extends to approximately 100-110. - North America: Bar extends to approximately 20-30. - Oceania: Bar extends to approximately 10. - South America: Bar extends to approximately 20-30.] (b) Study Figs. 2A, 2B and 2C which show information about Brazil. [Fig. 2A: Brazil: Population Density map. The map shows Brazil divided into regions (NORTH, CENTRE WEST, SOUTH EAST, NORTH EAST, SOUTH). Key: - more than 25 per sq km (dark shading) - 3-25 per sq km (cross-hatch shading) - less than 3 per sq km (light shading) High density areas are concentrated along the south-eastern coast and parts of the north-east. Fig. 2B: Brazil: Average annual rainfall map. The map shows Brazil with key cities (Manaus, Belem, Fortaleza, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre). Key: - above 2000 mm (darkest shading) - 1200-2000 mm (darker grey) - 600-1199 mm (light grey) - less than 600 mm (lightest grey) High rainfall is in the Amazon basin (north), lower rainfall in the northeast. Fig. 2C: Brazil: Relief map. The map shows Brazil. Key: - above 400 m (dark shading) - 200 - 400 m (grey shading) - less than 200 m (lightest shading) Higher relief is concentrated in the south-east and parts of the north-east, while the Amazon basin is low-lying.]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2010). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) Divide population by area/number of people divided by area/or written as a formula
2. [2] (a) (ii) A Africa/Europe/North America/South America/Oceania/America(s) B Asia
3. [3] (a) (iii) Ideas such as: aridity/lack of precipitation/lack of rainfall/dry; no drinking water/dehydration/difficult to survive without water (it is a basic need); (no water) to irrigate crops/can't irrigate crops/maintain good pasture/keep cattle/difficult to farm/food production is difficult/yields are low; poor soils/sand/bare rock/infertile soil; deserts are poorly served by communications/isolated/poor road networks/lack of transport; few economic opportunities in most deserts/lack of jobs/lack of resources; high temperatures which lead to high evaporation rates so no water; etc
4. [4] (a) (iv) Ideas such as: Around an oasis; Around rivers where they flow through arid areas; Mining settlement/production of oil/gas (any mineral or resource); Growth of tourist resorts; Towns of strategic importance; Market town; etc
5. [3] (b) (i) Ideas such as: In coastal area/on the coast/near the sea; In south/south east/north east (regions); In clusters; In the East (of the country); In a line; Correspond with towns and cities; etc
6. [5] (b) (ii) Reasons such as: differences in relief; high lands are not densely populated; difficult to build (dev);for communications (dev); less than 200 metres sparsely populated; possible flood risks (dev); differences in precipitation; areas above 2000 mm rain sparsely populated; as this creates rainforest (dev); difficult to penetrate (dev); coastal location encourages trade; thus development of industry/settlement/tourism (dev) etc
7. [7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail explaining why the government is worried by rapid population growth. (e.g. people do not have enough resources, lack of work, inadequate food supplies, poor access to education, poor access to health care, overcrowded housing, traffic congestion, atmospheric pollution, inadequate water supply/sanitation, overuse of agricultural land/overgrazing, deforestation/loss of natural vegetation etc) Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example More developed statements explaining why the government is worried by rapid population growth. (e.g. lack of work which leads to poverty, inadequate food supplies which cause death by starvation/malnutrition, poor access to education so people remain unqualified, poor access to health care leads to high death rates, overcrowded housing with inadequate basic amenities etc) (NB max 5 if no named example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example (e.g. Bangladesh). Comprehensive and accurate statements explaining why the government is worried by rapid population growth, including some place specific reference. (e.g. lack of work which leads to poverty/many people living on streets in cities like Dhaka, inadequate food supplies which cause death by starvation/malnutrition, poor access to education so people remain unqualified, traffic congestion as there are far too many vehicles on the roads especially in cities such as Dhaka, overuse of agricultural land on floods plains of Brahmaputra/Ganges leads to loss of soil fertility/lower yields, widespread deforestation for firewood on slopes of rural land around Chittagong encourages soil erosion etc) NB: Example must be LEDC/NIC