(a) Study Fig. 7, which shows information about coal. [Fig. 7 displays three separate charts providing information about coal. Top-right chart: "Coal reserves, top 10 countries (million tonnes)". This is a bar chart or similar representation showing: - US: 242,721 - Russia: 157,010 - China: 114,500 - Australia: 76,600 - South Africa: 48,000 - Ukraine: 33,873 - Kazakhstan: 31,300 - Poland: 7,502 - India: 56,498 (value seems misplaced or incorrect relative to others in diagram) - Serbia: 13,885 (value seems misplaced or incorrect relative to others in diagram) Bottom-left chart: "COAL PRODUCTION, TOP 10 COUNTRIES (Million tonnes)". This is a horizontal bar chart showing: - China: approx 2400 million tonnes - US: approx 1000 million tonnes - India: approx 550 million tonnes - Australia: approx 400 million tonnes - Russia: approx 300 million tonnes - South Africa: approx 250 million tonnes - Germany: approx 200 million tonnes - Poland: approx 150 million tonnes - Indonesia: approx 150 million tonnes - Kazakhstan: approx 100 million tonnes Bottom-right chart: "COST OF COAL ($ per tonne)". This is a line graph showing the price of coal from 1998 to 2008. The y-axis ranges from 0 to 140 ($ per tonne). The x-axis shows years 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008. - 1998: ~$30-35 - 2000: ~$30-35 - 2002: ~$30-35 - 2004: ~$60-65 - 2006: ~$50-55 - 2008: ~$130-135] (b) Study Photograph D, which shows a coal-fired (thermal) power station. [Photograph D (Insert) would show an image of a coal-fired power station, typically featuring large cooling towers and smokestacks.]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2010). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) China
2. [2] (a) (ii) US(A)/America; Russia.
3. [3] (a) (iii) Ideas such as: Increase; $30 to $130 per tonne/more than $30 but less than $40 – $130 – $135; Especially since 2007/and in 2004 increase; Remained fairly stable to 2003; But fluctuated 2004 to 2008; Decrease 2005 and 2006/2001 – 2002/2001 – 2003; etc Reserve 1 mark for use of dates/statistics. Max 2 on dates/statistics. Remaining mark(s) need some interpretation.
4. [4] (a) (iv) Ideas such as: coal is non-renewable/it will run out; thus will need to find alternative in future (dev); costs are not stable; and have increased rapidly since 2007/now high cost; so costs of electricity will increase (dev); pollutes the atmosphere/leads to global warming; political pressure/global pressure/pressure from environmental groups to reduce dependence (dev)
5. [3] (b) (i) Factors such as: proximity to coal/near coal mine; availability of water/near a river/lake or sea; flat/stable land (for building)/large area; local workforce; rail/road transport (for coal); near ports for imports of coal; etc
6. [5] (b) (ii) Ideas such as: release of carbon dioxide; which is a greenhouse gas (dev); which accumulates in atmosphere(dev); suns rays penetrate layer of gases; bounce off earth's surface; but cannot escape through blanket of gases/are trapped(dev); etc
7. [7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail describing problems of use of fuelwood for people and/or local natural environment. (e.g. pollutes the atmosphere, causes health problems, lost productivity when collecting firewood, time consuming collecting wood, loss of tree cover, soil erosion; etc) Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example More developed statements describing problems of use of fuelwood for people and/or local natural environment. (e.g. pollutes the atmosphere with smoke/chemicals such as CO2, causes health problems such as chest complaints/asthma/breathing difficulties, people cannot work in fields producing food if they are ill, time consuming walking long distances to collect wood, loss of tree cover causes soil erosion; etc) NB Max 5 if no named example Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example country or area, (e.g. Ethiopia). Comprehensive and accurate statements describing problems of use of fuelwood for people and natural environment, including some place specific reference. (e.g. pollutes the atmosphere with smoke/chemicals such as CO2, in squatter camps at Addis Ababa health problems caused such as chest complaints/asthma/breathing difficulties, in rural areas close to border with Eritrea people cannot work in fields producing food, time consuming walking long distances to collect wood, in northern region of Tigray loss of tree cover causes soil erosion; etc) NB: Annotate with 'p' for people and 'e' for environment.