(a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows information about the sources of air pollution in urban areas in Japan, India and South Korea. [Figure 2.1 presents three pie charts showing sources of air pollution in urban areas for Japan, India, and South Korea. Each chart is divided into sectors representing 'traffic', 'industry', 'domestic', 'electricity generation', and 'other'. A key explains the shading patterns for each source. For Japan, traffic is 20%, industry 30%, domestic 10%, electricity generation 30%, other 10%. For India, traffic is 40%, industry 20%, domestic 20%, electricity generation 10%, other 10%. The South Korea chart has some values plotted and needs completion.] (b) Study Fig. 2.2, which is information about traffic congestion in Gauteng, a province in South Africa. [Figure 2.2 provides a text description: "According to Ismail Vadi, a member of the Executive Council for Roads and Transport in Gauteng, traffic congestion is likely to increase in the next 25 years. The number of vehicles is expected to double and cause average speed in urban areas during peak hours to drop from the current 48km/h to 10km/h. He recently released the Integrated Transport Master Plan (ITMP25), which shows that the province's population will increase from 12.4million to 18.7 million and its working population will grow to 8.6 million, increasing rush hour passenger journeys to 25 million a day. ITMP25 plans to prioritise the use of public transport, particularly the rail network, which has lacked investment in the last 20 years. If nothing is done there will be a severe impact on the built and natural environment and the quality of lives of residents will deteriorate."]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] A built up area/town/city, etc.
2. [2] 1 mark for dividing line (at 55/90 – 1% tolerance) 1 mark for correct shading in correct order.
3. [3] Ideas such as: Greater percentage/more from traffic in India/less from traffic in Japan; Greater percentage/more from industry in Japan/less from industry in India; Greater percentage/more from domestic source/homes in India/less from domestic source in Japan; Greater percentage/more from electricity in Japan/less from electricity in India; Traffic is the largest in India and industry/electricity is the largest in Japan; Industry is the least in India and domestic is the least in Japan.
4. [4] Ideas such as: Breathing difficulties/chest complaints/heart complaints; And brings specific diseases, e.g. asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis; Eye disease/damages eyes or example; Affects brain/educational performance; Causes smog/haze/affects visibility; Makes paintwork/windows/washing, etc. dirty; Weathers/corrodes stonework on buildings; Pollutes drinking water/water sources; Kills fish which people eat.
5. [3] Ideas such as: Number of vehicles will increase/double; Population will increase; There will be more people working/more journeys to work/more rush hour journeys/traffic; Not enough/lack of investment in/neglected/poor public transport/railways, etc.
6. [5] Ideas such as: Build new/upgrade railway lines/stations/systems; Underground railway/metro; More/bigger/double decker trains/buses/more bus routes; Bus only lanes; Reduce costs of public transport; Trams; Monorail; Build new roads/dual carriageways; Build ring roads/by passes; Widen roads; Flyovers; Underground road/tunnel; Tidal flow/barriers to alter flow of cars in lanes; Park and ride; Congestion charging; Car number plate scheme; Car pooling/sharing; Traffic lights/police controlling traffic/roundabouts; Pedestrianise/car free zones/ban diesel cars Cycle lanes/cycle hire. Use bikes/cars/trains etc.^ Encourage use of bikes/cars/trains.^
7. [7] Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe a change in land use and/or explain why it has caused conflict. E.g. build a supermarket = L1. Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe a change in land use and/or explain why it has caused conflict. Note: Do not link change and conflict for a L2 statement. Note: Can gain credit for arguing and developing both sides of an argument for more than one L2. E.g. Knocked down houses and built a supermarket = L2 (so idea of landuse change) For conflict accept idea of problems E.g. Created lots of traffic and so people are late for work = L2 E.g. Loss of habitat and so animals die/people protest = L2 E.g. Expensive to build and money could have been spent on local schools. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe a change in land use and explain why it has caused conflict, with some place specific reference. Content Guide: Content will depend on the change in land use selected and these are likely to be chosen from: Road/railway/metro building, Demolition/building of housing, Building of a new shop, school, clinic, hotel, etc. New industrial development, Building a new airport, Construction of buildings on parkland, etc. The list is not exhaustive and all examples used should be credited if valid changes in land use in an urban area. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details, Specific details of the urban area chosen/change in land use, etc.