O-LevelGeographyPopulation and settlement2217/12 · May/June 2011 · Q125 Marks

(a) Study [Figure 1], which shows four different types of migrant.

(a)(i)What is meant by migrant?[1]
(a)(ii)Identify the two examples of migrants from [Figure 1] which are most likely to be the result of forced migration. 1 2[2]
(a)(iii)Give three different push factors which may result in forced migration. 1 2 3[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why many international migrants experience difficulties when they arrive at their new destination.[4]
(b)(i)Identify an example of each of the following three types of migration from [Figure 2]. A Rural to urban migration. B Urban to urban migration.. C International migration.[3]
(b)(ii)Choose one example of a migration shown on [Figure 2]. Explain why people migrate between the types of place you have chosen. Example of migration..[5]
(c)For a named country which you have studied, describe the problems caused by overpopulation. Name of country[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2011). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] A person who goes to live in another place/moves away from an area/leaves his country etc.
[2] Refugee; Asylum seeker
[3] Push factors such as: war/conflict/civil war; famine/food shortage/starvation; floods/volcano/earthquake/tsunami/tropical storm (MAX 2); drought; (religious/political) persecution etc. 3 @ 1 mark
[4] Ideas such as: lack of qualifications/skills/education/no experience/they have to do unskilled jobs/work informally; many are doing low paid jobs; poor working conditions/dirty jobs/long hours/exploitation by employers; many cannot speak the language; some are unable to obtain employment/not enough jobs; can't afford education/health care/food/housing etc.; live in poor conditions/overcrowding/lacks sanitation; some may have to live away from their families; discrimination may occur/racism; some may lack documentation/have to hide from authorities; trouble adapting to culture/religion etc. 4 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as: rural to urban = village to nearest town/regional city/capital city; urban to urban = nearest town to regional/capital city etc. International migration = e.g. to any foreign city 3 @ 1 mark
[5] Candidates can choose any example from Fig. 2 – accept generic example (e.g. village to nearby town) or named example. Reasoning will depend on example chosen such as: for work opportunities/lots of/more jobs; better paid jobs; to improve quality of life/better lifestyle/standard of living; better provision of doctors/hospitals etc.; better chance of education for children; to escape (religious/political) persecution; bright lights/leisure facilities/wider choice of shops; war/civil war; drought; famine/food shortages; lack of water supply/sanitation; floods/volcano/earthquake/tsunami/tropical storm etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development
[1-3] Statements including limited detail describing problems caused by overpopulation. (e.g. traffic congestion, overuse of agricultural land/overgrazing, deforestation/loss of natural vegetation etc.)
[4-6] Uses named example. More developed statements describing problems caused by overpopulation. (e.g. traffic congestion as there are too many vehicles on the roads, overuse of agricultural land/overgrazing leads to loss of soil fertility, deforestation/loss of natural vegetation to use for firewood etc.) (NB MAX 5 marks if no named example or if example of city given rather than country)
[7] Uses named example (e.g. Bangladesh). Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. (e.g. traffic congestion as there are far too many vehicles on the roads especially in cities such as Dhaka, overuse of agricultural land on floods plains of Brahmaputra/Ganges leads to loss of soil fertility/lower yields, widespread deforestation for firewood on slopes of Himalayas etc.)