O-LevelGeographyThe natural environment2217/11 · May/June 2011 · Q625 Marks

Section C Answer one question from this section. (a) Study Fig. 10, which shows different types of pollution. [Figure 10.0]

(a)(i)What is meant by pollution?[1]
(a)(ii)Describe two different ways in which pollution can be caused by the use of transport.[2]
(a)(iii)Explain why, in many countries, industrial waste is released into rivers, lakes and seas.[3]
(a)(iv)Give one global problem which can be caused by atmospheric pollution. Explain how atmospheric pollution can cause this problem. Name of problem ............................................[4]
(b)(i)(b) Study Fig. 11, which shows newspaper extracts about two proposed new developments in an LEDC in Central America. Choose one of the proposed new developments and write down the number of the extract which you have chosen. Explain three different ways in which the proposed development could damage the local natural environment. Name of development ............................................[3]
(b)(ii)Suggest what could be done to ensure that your chosen development is sustainable.[5]
(c)For a named country or area which you have studied, describe the ways in which energy supplies are being developed. Name of country or area ............................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2011). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a) (i) Contamination of natural environment/discharge of harmful products into it/ideas/ examples that damage/contaminate the natural environment;
[1] (ii) Ideas such as: CO2 emissions/fumes/gases from exhausts/engines/cars/vehicles;
[1] noise from engines/vehicles/traffic;
[1] fuel/oil leaks from boats;
[1] visual pollution from road cutting through woodland or examples; etc.
[1] (iii) Ideas such as: easy/quick to do/convenient;
[1] it is a cheap method of waste disposal;
[1] environmental protection regulations in LEDCs are weak/no laws;
[1] regulations are not enforced;
[1] economic growth given preference over environment;
[1] doesn't take up land/less landfill sites; etc.
[1] (iv) Global warming/acid rain/ozone depletion/greenhouse effect; (1 mark reserved);
[1] release of carbon dioxide/sulphur dioxide/CFC's/aerosols/refidgerants;
[1] builds up in atmosphere/reacts with water vapour/CFC's build up in atmosphere;
[1] lets in rays/heat from sun/forms weak acidic solution/removes Ozone;
[1] greenhouse effect/traps heat/acts like a greenhouse/falls as acid rain/makes a hole in ozone layer;
[1] deforestation prevents uptake of CO2;
[1] (b) (i) Ideas such as: e.g. airport: vegetation destroyed/deforestation;
[1] ecosystems threatened;
[1] food chain disrupted;
[1] loss of habitats/animals forced to leave;
[1] visual pollution;
[1] dust from construction;
[1] noise from construction/traffic/or noise disturbs;
[1] fumes from aircraft/traffic;
[1] animals die; etc.
[1] e.g. incinerator: woodland/scrub/vegetation destroyed/vegetation;
[1] ecosystems threatened;
[1] food chain disrupted;
[1] loss of habitats/animals forced to leave;
[1] visual pollution;
[1] noise from construction/traffic/or noise disturbs animals;
[1] fumes from exhausts/traffic/processing;
[1] dust from construction/traffic/processing;
[1] animals die; etc.
[1] (ii) Ideas will depend on chosen option (e.g. international airport): restricting size of airport/plane sizes; or DEV
[1] avoid building runways on parts of dunes/areas where sensitive species are growing;
[1] using local labour;
[1] using local materials;
[1] do not incorporate water features/fountains at airport;
[1] build waste water processing plant for airport/use waste
[1] water from airport for water of grounds; etc.
[1-3] (c) Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail describing how energy supplies are being developed. (e.g. tidal power, HEP, wind power, wave power, nuclear power, oil fields, coal mines etc.)
[4-6] Level 2 (4-6 marks) More developed statements describing how energy supplies are being developed. (e.g. tidal power is being developed in bays and estuaries/where the tidal range is large; HEP is being developed in mountainous areas with high precipitation; wind power is being developed offshore and in mountainous areas; wave power is being developed where waves are large; new nuclear power stations planned etc.)
[7] Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example (e.g. UK). Comprehensive and accurate statements describing how energy supplies are being developed including some place specific reference. (e.g. tidal power is being developed in bays and estuaries like the Severn Estuary; HEP is being developed in mountainous areas with high precipitation such as the pumped storage scheme at Dinorwic in Snowdonia; wind power is being developed off the coast of East Anglia and in Morecambe Bay in mountainous areas such as the Pennines etc.).