Students from a college in Kenya were studying farming in their country. Farming in Kenya is varied with different crops grown and different types of livestock kept. For their study the students did research in villages in two farming areas, one in the north and one in the south of the Makueni district.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] 7(a) Commercial: sell produce / aim for profit / for money / resale / market (1)
2. [2] 7(a) Subsistence: feed family / themselves / not for profit / for survival / personal use (1)
3. [1] 7(b)(i) 155 (thousand tonnes)
4. [2] 7(b)(ii) Tea production rose (1)
5. [2] 7(b)(ii) Maize production fell (1)
6. [2] 7(b)(ii) Check years being used in relation to trend stated.
7. [1] 7(c) Athi Kamunyuni / Athi / Kamunyuni
8. [2] 7(d)(i) Examples: TWO ideas looked for: Check if questions are appropriate / change questions if inappropriate / test method / correct errors / make less mistakes / to practise fieldwork (1)
9. [2] 7(d)(i) Become confident / experienced / prepared in using questionnaire (1)
10. [2] 7(d)(i) Saves time with real fieldwork if questions are inappropriate (1)
11. [2] 7(d)(i) Find out how long questionnaire might take (1)
12. [2] 7(d)(i) Get an idea of how cooperative / willing farmers might be (1)
13. [2] 7(d)(ii) Credit ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage
14. [2] 7(d)(ii) Advantage: Removes bias / is fair / reliable (1)
15. [2] 7(d)(ii) Advantage: Can use random numbers to generate order to ask farmers / identify farms (1)
16. [2] 7(d)(ii) Advantage: Equal chance of being selected (1)
17. [2] 7(d)(ii) Disadvantage: May not result in a representative sample / may not give variety / may not cover area (1)
18. [2] 7(d)(ii) Disadvantage: Difficult to organise for sample of 20 if random number table is used (1)
19. [3] 7(d)(iii) ONE mark for sampling method, TWO marks for description
20. [3] 7(d)(iii) If sampling method wrong, can credit description of Systematic or Stratified.
21. [3] 7(d)(iii) Do NOT credit RANDOM as method or description.
22. [3] 7(d)(iii) Systematic (1)
23. [3] 7(d)(iii) Choose farmers / farms at regular / constant intervals (1)
24. [3] 7(d)(iii) Every fourth/nth farmer they meet / every fourth/nth farm they pass (1)
25. [3] 7(d)(iii) Use grid over area and choose farms in every fourth/nth square (1)
26. [3] 7(d)(iii) OR Stratified (1)
27. [3] 7(d)(iii) Find out gender or age balance of all the farmers in area (1)
28. [3] 7(d)(iii) Ask a balanced number or proportionate number of farmers of different age group (1)
29. [1] 7(e)(i) Data collected for the first time / first hand / by yourself / by students / fieldwork data / raw data / original data / not processed
30. [2] 7(e)(ii) Examples: Language difficulties (1)
31. [2] 7(e)(ii) Unpredictable hours when available / farmers not in (1)
32. [2] 7(e)(ii) People not willing to answer questions / too busy / may lie / impolite (1)
33. [2] 7(e)(ii) Farmers unwilling to give / may not know precise details about their farm (1)
34. [2] 7(e)(ii) Accessibility / transport issues / large area to cover (1)
35. [2] 7(e)(ii) May take long time to cover area (1)
36. [2] 7(f)(i) If grid is not 3 × 3 but is 9 squares can still credit shading
37. [2] 7(f)(i) Draw 3 × 3 = 9 squares on map using provided axis close to Kaiani (1)
38. [2] 7(f)(i) Shade any 4 crops and any 5 animals using the provided key (1)
39. [3] 7(f)(ii) Hypothesis is TRUE – 1 mark reserve.
40. [3] 7(f)(ii) Evidence Cattle in north and goats in south (1)
41. [3] 7(f)(ii) North even / similar land area used for crops and animals, south less land used for crops than animals(1)
42. [3] 7(f)(ii) More crops in north / less crops in south (1)
43. [3] 7(f)(ii) More animals in north / less animals in south (1)
44. [3] 7(f)(ii) Credit 1 mark MAX for paired data comparing north and south. e.g. 11ha / 13ha crops / animals in north but 3ha / 11ha in south (1)
45. [3] 7(f)(ii) 11ha in north for crops but only 3ha in south (1)
46. [3] 7(f)(ii) 13ha in north for animals and 11ha for animals in south (1)
47. [3] 7(f)(ii) Accept use of “ONLY” as “less than” for statement mark
48. [2] 7(g)(i) Completion of pie graph
49. [2] 7(g)(i) 13% slice plotted clockwise at 80% (1)
50. [2] 7(g)(i) Correct shading using key provided (1)
51. [2] 7(g)(i) If plot wrongly from top i.e. 87% no credit for plot BUT credit shading if large slice and small slice are shaded correctly.
52. [4] 7(g)(ii) Hypothesis is FALSE/NOT SUPPORTED – 1 mark reserve
53. [4] 7(g)(ii) Evidence Main difficulties are human / economic / non-environmental / financial (1)
54. [4] 7(g)(ii) Highest / top two difficulties are transport and loans (1)
55. [4] 7(g)(ii) Over half / majority / most of the responses are human / economic / non-environmental / financial difficulties / less than half are environmental (1)
56. [4] 7(g)(ii) Credit 1 mark MAX for supporting data e.g. 55% human / economic and 45% environmental OR 55.5% and 44.5% (1)
57. [4] 7(g)(ii) 76 say issues non-environmental and 61 environmental (1)
58. [4] 7(g)(ii) 42%/22% and 20% are transport and loan difficulties (1)
59. [4] 7(g)(ii) Accept use of "ONLY” as "Less than” for statement marks.
60. [3] 7(h) Examples: Wells / boreholes (1)
61. [3] 7(h) Irrigation (1)
62. [3] 7(h) Using pumps (1)
63. [3] 7(h) Traditional methods e.g. shaduf / Archimedes screw / sakia (1)
64. [3] 7(h) Creating boundaries / low walls / bunds to hold water (1)
65. [3] 7(h) Sprinkler systems (1)
66. [3] 7(h) Grow drought resistant crops / fast growing crops (1)
67. [3] 7(h) Pipes / canals from wetter areas (1)
68. [3] 7(h) Harvest / store / save rainwater / storage tanks (1)
69. [3] 7(h) Magic stones (1)
70. [3] 7(h) Transfer water from wetter areas / north to south