O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/13 · Oct/Nov 2017 · Q525 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 7, which shows information about access to clean drinking water sources in rural and urban areas in eight countries in 1990 and 2014. (b) Study Fig. 8, which shows information about the use of water in Germany (an MEDC) and Egypt (an LEDC).

(a)(i)What percentage of the rural population in Kenya had access to clean drinking water supplies in 2014? %[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 7, identify a country: - where access to clean drinking water for people in both rural and urban areas improved between 1990 and 2014; - where over 80% of people had access to clean drinking water in 2014 in both rural and urban areas.[2]
(a)(iii)Describe three methods of increasing supplies of clean drinking water.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why it is important to increase clean drinking water supplies in LEDCs.[4]
(b)(i)Using Fig. 8 only, compare the percentage of water used for different purposes in Germany and Egypt.[3]
(b)(ii)Suggest reasons for the differences in the percentage of water used for different purposes in Germany and Egypt.[5]
(c)For a named country you have studied, explain how its energy is supplied. Name of country[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] 52-53%
[2] South Africa/Mexico/China/Brazil/Bolivia; Brazil/China/Mexico
[3] Ideas such as: Build dams/reservoirs; Build wells/pump or obtain water from aquifer/groundwater; Improve design of wells/concrete lining/covers; Desalinisation; Water treatment/purification of waste/filtration/water purification tablets; Water transfer from wet to dry areas; Building of piped water infrastructure/provide more pipes Import water/provide bottled water; Rainwater harvesting/collecting rainwater in roof tanks; Cloud seeding;
[4] Ideas such as: Water is essential for survival/prevents dehydration/water is a basic need; Health of population will be improved/reduce disease or named example of a waterborne disease; Life expectancy will increase/death rate reduce/IMR reduced/less people die; Less money will need to be spent treating disease; People will be able to improve hygiene; People will be stronger/able to work more/earn money; Children can go to school; Reduce time collecting water; Water can be used for cooking and washing food etc.
[3] Ideas such as: Egypt uses more for agriculture (85 or 86% v 20%); Germany uses more for industry (68% v 6% or 7%); Germany uses more in households (12% v 8% or 9%) or countries use a similar amount of water in households; Egypt uses most for agriculture where as Germany uses most for industry; Germany uses least for households and Egypt uses least for industry etc.: Note: Accept 'only' as comparative even if statistic is wrong.
[5] Ideas such as: Egypt has a greater percentage of the population relying on agriculture than Germany; and is more arid/greater need for irrigation; Germany has more manufacturing/factories than Egypt; more water will be used for cooling/processes in Germany; more will be required to generate electricity to use in factories in Germany; more homes in Germany will have piped water so more water is used domestically; more of population have home appliances/dishwashers/washing machines; more people can afford water in Germany in the home etc. Note: Accept reverse ideas. No need to compare.
[7] Level 1 (1-3 marks): Statements including limited detail which explain how its energy is supplied.
[7] Level 2 (4-6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements which explain how its energy is supplied. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
[7] Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements, including some place specific reference.
[7] Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to the different forms of energy supply|: Wood/charcoal Fossil fuels Renewable forms of energy Nuclear power Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Names of places/species within chosen country Statistics Note: Development is of the 'how'. Statistics are OK for development to a MAX 1 x L2 and can also be used for place specific detail.