O-LevelGeographyThe natural environment2217/13 · Oct/Nov 2016 · Q325 Marks

Study Fig. 5, which shows information about the impacts of five different types of natural hazard. [Figure 5]

(a)(i)Identify the type of natural hazard which causes the least deaths.[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 5 only, compare the impacts of droughts and floods.[2]
(a)(iii)Give three different reasons why earthquakes have a high financial cost. 1 2 3[3]
(b)(i)Describe the location of Mount Sinabung.[3]
(b)(ii)Explain why volcanic eruptions, such as that of Mount Sinabung, do not cause many deaths even though many people live close to them.[4]
(b)(iii)Explain why many people live close to active volcanoes.[5]
(c)For a named volcano you have studied, explain the causes of an eruption. Name of volcano[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a) (i) Volcanic eruption/Volcano
[2] (ii) Droughts cause more deaths than floods;
Floods have greater financial cost than drought
Note: Must be comparative.
[3] (iii) Ideas such as:
destruction of or damage to buildings/settlements/need to rebuild homes;
damage to/need to repair roads/railways/bridges;
businesses/factories/shops damaged/destroyed;
loss of production from industry/people lose their jobs;
damage to possessions/cars/property;
damage/loss of water/electricity/gas supplies;
damage to named specific building e.g. schools/hospitals
cost of medical care;
harbour/airport destroyed or damaged/cannot export or import goods;
cost of providing emergency food/shelter/water;
cost of clean-up operation (e.g. removing rubble);
etc.
[3] (b) (i) Ideas such as:
in South East Asia;
in Indonesia;
on Sumatra;
North/north west part of Sumatra;
North west of Jakarta;
800 - 1000 km from Jakarta;
Distance or direction from Kalimantan or Java; (Max 1)
etc.
[4] (ii) Ideas such as:
warning usually given before eruption/can be predicted/they are monitored;
lava moves slowly/lava doesn't flow in all directions;
people have time to evacuate/evacuation centres/evacuation routes; etc
examples of precautions e.g. artificial channels to take lava away/wear gas masks;
education about what to do;
mainly ash that erupts high in the sky so less likely to cause many deaths at ground level;
etc
[5] (iii) Ideas such as:
Tourism/scenic beauty/examples of jobs in the tourist industry (dev);
mining/mineral exploitation;
building materials;
fertile soils/agriculture; so they get high yields of crops (dev);
geothermal power; so they get cheap/free power (dev);
cannot afford to move;
don't want to leave work/school;
friends/family in area;
willing to take the risk/they erupt infrequently;
confidence in prediction/protection;
hot springs;
religious/cultural significance;
etc;
[7] (c) Levels marking
Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe causes of volcanic eruption.
Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe causes of volcanic eruption. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference.
Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Plate movement, Subduction, Creation of magma, Build up of pressure, Lines of weakness etc Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details, named plates, date/Richter scale reading etc.