Study Fig. 8, which shows some information about water. [Figure 8.0]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] How much water you/each person uses (on average) per day
2. [2] Without it the body would not function/work/needed to be healthy/would die/example; It prevents people suffering from dehydration/it hydrates people/stops people being thirsty/need to drink ; We need it for cooking; We need it to water crops/give water to farm animals/livestock; Washing/sanitation/hygiene/cleaning;
3. [3] Ideas such as: People carry small amounts/lots of journeys; Journeys are slow/loads are heavy; Many do not have piped supplies/water in their homes/they have got no taps/water supply infrastructure e.g. reservoirs; It is a long way to/there are no water sources/rivers/wells/no rivers where they live; They have to queue to use wells/standpipes; It is the traditional role of women to collect water/don't have careers; Nearby supplies are drying up/people have to search further afield because of drought etc; There are no roads/they have no transport/they have to walk to get water/they have to carry it themselves/on their heads etc.
4. [4] Ideas such as Lack of water infrastructure/no piped water/no wells/no boreholes; Few water treatment plants/water not filtered or purified; People are using dirty or polluted water/water which carries disease/bacteria/ contaminated/dirty water; Water is also used to dispose of sewage/dump waste/to wash clothes/for bathing/no proper sanitation/people urinate in it/animals pollute water; Health care/medical care is poor/cannot afford to treat disease Lack of education/lack of awareness about how to purify water/keep water safe; Cannot afford to buy bottled or clean water/cannot afford to purify water etc.
5. [3] Ideas such as; Water is not pure/clean/dirty/not safe for drinking/waterborne disease; No water supply in the dry season/no reliable supply of water; Stagnant water; Difficulty of attaching gutters to thatch/water not drain well on thatch; Cost of/lack of availability of cement/guttering/storage tanks; Water could evaporate from storage tanks;
6. [5] No mark for choice as all three options can be justified. Marks to be awarded for any combination of positive points for the chosen option or negative points of the ones rejected. Note no maximum on positives or negatives. Positives: B. Well: Low cost; Can do it for themselves; Low maintenance; It won't take long C. Pipes from Springs: Low cost; Reliable/won't dry up/always water in mountains; Clean; Naturally flows downhill D. Borehole: Clean/safe water; Won't dry up; Large amounts of water provided; People are experts; Mechanised/no need for manual pumping Negatives: B. Well: Not hygienic; Dangerous to young children; Stagnant water; Will not provide water all the time C. Pipes from Springs: Stagnant water in tank; Cost (if qualified); Pipes cross peoples' land D. Borehole: Expensive; High maintenance; Cost of electricity; Power cuts Rejection needs reference to specific option – either by a letter or the name of the rejected scheme.
7. [7] Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe an economic activity and/or explain how it is threatening the local natural environment. Note: Credit only one L1 i.e. 1 mark for description Level 2 (4-6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain how it is threatening the local natural environment. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements, which explain how it is threatening the local natural environment, including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers could refer to any economic activity but are likely to refer to; Manufacturing industry Tourism, Mining or quarrying, Agriculture, Generation of electricity, Transport etc Answers are likely to refer to impacts on local natural environment e.g. Flora/vegetation; Fauna/wildlife, Ecosystems/Food chains; Rivers/streams; Atmosphere Acid rain Deforestation Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Specific details of economic activity, Locational details/named settlements etc.