O-LevelGeographyThe natural environment2217/13 · Oct/Nov 2014 · Q325 Marks

Study Photographs C, D, E and F (Insert), which show coastal landforms. [Figure 3.1]

(a)(i)Which photograph shows a feature which is formed by wind deposition? Photograph[1]
(a)(ii)Match the photographs with the correct landforms by using arrows. The first one has been done for you. Photograph C Cliff Photograph D Natural arch Photograph E Sand dunes Photograph F Stack[2]
(a)(iii)Describe the conditions required for the formation of coastal sand dunes.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain how a natural arch is formed.[4]
(b)(i)Using evidence from Fig. 4 only, describe three effects of the storm.[3]
(b)(ii)Explain how erosion by the sea may cause problems for people living in coastal areas.[5]
(c)Explain the formation of a sand spit. Include a fully labelled diagram(s).[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a)(i) Photograph C; 1 mark
[2] (a)(ii) D = Cliff E = Stack F = Natural Arch; 3 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 2 marks
[3] (a)(iii) Ideas such as: • flat land/around an estuary/on a sand spit; • onshore winds; • supply of sand; • obstruction for sand to build up around; • colonisation/plants to colonise/marram grass to hold them together; etc. 3 @ 1 mark
[4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: • erosion (or named example – hydraulic action/corrosion); • description of process; • enlarges joints/lines of weakness/faults opened up; • formation of cave; • cave breaks through to form arch/back to back caves/cave erodes all the way through; etc. 4 @ 1 mark
[3] (b)(i) Ideas such as: • collapse/slumping of loose rocks/landslide; • more loose rocks/beach extended seawards/beach is wider/beach nearer lighthouse; • retreat of cliff/cliff eroded; • lower angle of cliff/cliff not as steep; etc. 3 @ 1 mark
[5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: • danger to properties on cliff top; • people may need to evacuate; • loss of farmland/loss of gardens; • reduction in food production; • roads may be damaged; • collapse of cliffs may make beaches dangerous/rock falls can kill people; • less tourists come; • cost of protection measures; • can't get insurance for properties/unable to sell properties; etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development
[7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain formation of sand spit. Level 2 (4–6 marks) More developed statements which explain formation of sand spit. Level 3 (7 marks) Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain formation of sand spit, including fully labelled diagram(s). Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to; Prevailing wind, Longshore drift, Deposition, Change of direction of coastline etc. Place specific reference is not needed however for Level 3 a labelled diagram is needed or a sequence of labelled diagrams/numbers with description.