O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/12 · Oct/Nov 2014 · Q625 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 10, which shows information about the employment structure of three countries in Asia. [Figure 10]

(a)(i)What percentage of the population of Malaysia works in the primary sector? ........................................................... %[1]
(a)(ii)Describe two differences between the employment structures of China and Japan. 1 2[2]
(a)(iii)In rural areas of Malaysia there is still much primary employment. However, in the cities, such as Kuala Lumpur, there are many service industries in the CBD and high technology industrial parks in the rural-urban fringe. Give an example of: primary employment in a rural area; an industry which is likely to locate on a high technology industrial park; a service industry in a CBD.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why there is a large reduction of the workforce in the primary sector as a country develops.[4]
(b)Study Fig. 11, information about the exports of Malaysia. [Figure 11]
(b)(i)Using Fig. 11, describe the changes in Malaysia's exports between 1970 and 2008. Use statistics from Fig. 11 in your answer.[3]
(b)(ii)Explain why many high technology industries have grown up in newly industrialised countries (NICs).[5]
(c)For a named area you have studied, describe the impacts of agriculture on the natural environment. Area studied .....................................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a)(i) 12/13
[2] (a)(ii) China has more primary; China has more secondary; China has less tertiary; China has a more balanced employment structure. N.B.: Must compare. Accept vice versa. No statistics without interpretation.
[3] (a)(iii) Primary in rural area = agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining/quarrying; High technology = pharmaceuticals/computer software/electronics/making computers or cell phones/research and development/computer repair; Service industry in CBD = banking/insurance/leisure/tourism/shops/hospitals/ entertainment/education etc. N.B.: Accept the job or the organisation or name of company.
[4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: Mechanisation; Movement of people to urban areas; Primary work is hard/can be dangerous/may be unreliable; Exhaustion of resources/raw materials run out/soil exhaustion; Loss of farmland to urbanisation; Import of food/raw materials; Country industrialises/more factories are built/more services are provided or demanded; More or better pay in factories or more reliable work in factories/services or example or low pay in primary; People become more educated etc.
[3] (b)(i) Increase in manufacturing; Decrease in rubber/tin; Use of paired statistics relating to either manufacturing; rubber or tin (Max 1). Figures: Manufacturing 15–20 to 78–83% or goes up by 58–68% Tin 23-28 to 1-3% or goes down by 27–20% Rubber 45–48 to 2–4% or goes down by 46–41% N.B.: An answer that mixes trends such as rubber was most important in 1970 but in 2008 manufactured goods are more important = 1
[5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: Low cost of land; Low cost labour; Highly-skilled workers/educated workforce/universities; Good transport infrastructure; Enables access to global market; Large/growing local market; Reduced transport costs of finished product; Government incentives; Lower taxes; Availability of electricity; Less unions; Work ethic/prepared to work long hours; Lack of competition; Agglomeration/companies are already there.
[7] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe the impacts of agriculture on the natural environment. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the impacts of agriculture on the natural environment. (N.B. Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements, including some place specific-reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to; Soil erosion, Pollution of rivers/groundwater, Eutrophication, Deforestation/clearance of vegetation, Habitat loss, Loss of biodiversity, etc. Place-specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Details of specific species, etc. N.B.: Country is not an appropriate example. Development is of the impact not the cause. Natural environment focus. Impacts can be positive or negative and at any scale.