(a) Study Fig. 10 (Insert), which shows information about the production and use of energy in the USA in 2008.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) Transport....industry....residential.....commercial
2. [1] NB Correct order required
3. [1] 1 mark
4. [2] (ii) Transport
5. [2] Thermal
6. [2] 2 @ 1 mark
7. [3] (iii) Ideas such as:
8. [3] to keep down cost of imports/they are very expensive/reduce transport costs;
9. [3] to reduce balance of payments deficit;
10. [3] to avoid being without supplies if imports are cut off (due to war)/to be self sufficient;
11. [3] to develop cleaner/greener/renewable alternatives;
12. [3] oil is not renewable/may run out;
13. [3] reduce air pollution/global warming;
14. [3] risk of oil spills etc.
15. [3] 3 @ 1 mark
16. [4] (iv) Ideas such as:
17. [4] newer energy sources cannot yet meet demands;
18. [4] some are still in early stages of development;
19. [4] limited technology in many areas;
20. [4] expense of development/setting up power stations/cannot afford to set them up;
21. [4] limited by siting factors or example;
22. [4] sun does not always shine/wind does not always blow;
23. [4] much of industry/transport is geared up to using fossil fuels;
24. [4] coal/fossil fuels are cheaper;
25. [4] small output from renewable power stations;
26. [4] Government policy etc.
27. [4] 4 @ 1 mark
28. [3] (b) (i) 1 mark = a simple comment on one of the scales – for example: the top diagram shows energy and the natural environment in balance.
29. [3] 2 marks = same as above but a reference to both diagrams for example: the top diagram shows energy and the natural environment in balance and the second diagram shows energy and natural environment are not in balance/not equal.
30. [3] 3 marks = clear message based on interpretation of the diagram (i.e. not repeating the word 'balance') – for example.
31. [3] We should not develop energy at the expense of the environment
32. [3] Energy production should not be seen as more important than the environment
33. [3] The use of too much energy could badly damage the natural environment/could cause global warming etc.
34. [3] NB: A candidate does not need to make 1 and 2 mark comments before being able to access the 3 mark comment.
35. [3] 3 @ 1 mark
36. [5] (ii) Ideas such as:
37. [5] burning pollutes the atmosphere/produces gases;
38. [5] named appropriate example of a gas (e.g. carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide);
39. [5] global warming/greenhouse effect;
40. [5] acid rain;
41. [5] thermal pollution of rivers from power station etc.
42. [5] NB: Focus on how USING fossil fuels impacts the natural environment. Credit appropriate development - for example, a candidate may develop global warming by reference to melting ice caps and sea level rises.
43. [5] 5 @ 1 mark or development
44. [7] (c) Levels marking
45. [7] Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail describing and/or explaining factors which influence location of chosen power station type.
46. [7] Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements describing and/or explaining factors which influence location of chosen power station type.
47. [7] NB: MAX 5 marks if no named or inappropriate example used. If there is a mismatch between the power station and type of fuel then MAX 5.
48. [7] Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example Comprehensive and accurate statements describing and/or explaining factors which influence location of chosen power station type, including some place specific reference.
49. [7] Suggested content: Factors referred to will depend upon the choice of the type of power station but may include:
50. [7] • Physical factors
51. [7] • Transport
52. [7] • Raw materials
53. [7] • Government Policy
54. [7] • Safety etc.