(a) Study Fig. 6, which shows information about natural hazards between 1996 and 2005 in MEDCs and LEDCs.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) (i) Drought
2. [1] 1 mark
3. [2] (ii) More killed in LEDCs/less killed in MEDCs;
4. [2] More damage in MEDCs/less damage in LEDCs
5. [2] 2 @ 1 mark
6. [3] (iii) Ideas such as:
7. [3] High rise buildings in MEDCs;
8. [3] More workplaces/factories/offices/commercial buildings in MEDCs;
9. [3] Cost of replacing transport infrastructure/or examples is greater in MEDC/transport infrastructure is more extensive;
10. [3] Cost of replacing underground supply of water/gas/electricity is greater in MEDCs/these are more extensive in MEDCs;
11. [3] Many expensive buildings in MEDCs/cost more to repair/higher value buildings/old/flimsy buildings in LEDCs cheaper to replace etc.
12. [3] NB. There is no need to compare – accept implied comparison
13. [3] 3 @ 1 mark
14. [4] (iv) Ideas such as:
15. [4] many eruptions are small scale/localized;
16. [4] warnings/alerts are given/eruptions can be predicted/detected early;
17. [4] lava is slow moving/not much lava released/only travels a small distance/volcanoes give physical signs e.g. bulges;
18. [4] people can escape/evacuate;
19. [4] examples of protection methods (e.g. diversion channels/spraying water on lava);
20. [4] building design – for example, reinforcement of roof structure etc.
21. [4] 4 @ 1 mark
22. [3] (b) (i) Ideas such as:
23. [3] they are mainly in the south/south-east of the region;
24. [3] most of/northern/eastern part of Kenya;
25. [3] most of Somalia;
26. [3] south of Ethiopia;
27. [3] north east of Nairobi;
28. [3] between Nairobi and Mogadishu;
29. [3] Kenya/Somalia/Ethiopia – any named two if those specific countries have not been credited already etc.
30. [3] 3 @ 1 mark
31. [5] (ii) Ideas such as:
32. [5] failure of crops/loss of farm income;
33. [5] no water for irrigation;
34. [5] death of livestock/death of farm animals/graze fewer animals;
35. [5] famine/starvation/lack of food supply/hunger;
36. [5] malnutrition;
37. [5] deaths of people;
38. [5] migration/movement to refugee camps;
39. [5] dehydration;
40. [5] reduced sanitation/people are forced to use dirty water;
41. [5] lack of drinking water;
42. [5] increased/long distance to fetch water;
43. [5] dependence on aid;
44. [5] economic collapse/reduction of exports;
45. [5] natural vegetation dies/habitat loss;
46. [5] impact on ecosystems/food chains etc.
47. [5] NB: The impact is of the waves/wind/rain/storm – these are not impacts themselves.
48. [5] 5 @ 1 mark or development
49. [7] (c) Levels marking
50. [7] Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail explaining hot and/or dry conditions of tropical desert.
51. [7] Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements explaining hot and/or dry conditions of tropical desert. It must be clear whether the factor causes the climate to be hot or dry – clear link to the climate factor.
52. [7] NB: MAX 5 marks if no named or inappropriate example. Example should be the name of a tropical desert. Not a country or region e.g. Sahel.
53. [7] Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example Comprehensive and accurate statements explaining hot and dry conditions of tropical desert, including some place specific reference.
54. [7] NB: Do not accept answers relating to a lack of vegetation or water sources or global warming as causes.
55. [7] Near the Equator receives no credit.
56. [7] Suggested content: Latitude, Distance from the sea, Cloud cover, Air pressure, Wind direction, Relief, Ocean currents etc.