O-LevelGeographyThe natural environment2217/12 · Oct/Nov 2012 · Q425 Marks

Study Fig. 6, which shows information about deforestation in selected countries.

(a)(i)Rank the following countries in order of annual deforestation. Rank from highest to lowest. Brazil Burma Indonesia Mexico High 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Low [1] Brazil....Indonesia...Mexico....Burma[1]
(a)(ii)Name the two countries shown in Fig. 6 which have the lowest percentage of remaining forest lost per year. 1 2[2]
(a)(iii)Give three different reasons why large amounts of deforestation have occurred in the tropical rainforests.[3]
(b)(i)Explain how deforestation can kill plants and animals.[3]
(b)(ii)Explain why deforestation may cause soil erosion.[4]
(b)(iii)Suggest how the tropical rainforest can be developed in a sustainable way.[5]
(c)For a named area of tropical rainforest which you have studied, describe and explain the characteristics of its climate. Name of area of tropical rainforest[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Brazil....Indonesia...Mexico....Burma
[1] Brazil
[1] Dem. Rep. of Congo (accept DRC or Congo) 2 @ 1 mark
[1] Ranching;
[1] Commercial agriculture/example;
[1] Mining/quarrying;
[1] Timber/logging/example of a suitable use of rainforest wood e.g. furniture or species/type e.g. Teak/hardwood;
[1] Manufacturing or suitable example e.g. paper making;
[1] Road construction;
[1] Settlement/housing/towns;
[1] HEP schemes/dams etc 3 @ 1 mark
[1] Trees chopped down/burned/sprayed with chemicals;
[1] Animals killed by falling trees/burning/chemicals;
[1] Animals exposed to predators/more exposed to hunting;
[1] Loss of habitat;
[1] Loss of food supply for animals/disruption of food chain;
[1] Loss of nutrients for regrowth;
[1] Loss of pollinators for plants etc 3 @ 1 mark
[1] soil is exposed by removal of trees/the trees protect the soil;
[1] Roots of plants no longer hold the soil in place;
[1] Less interception/fewer trees to take up water;
[1] Less humus/organic matter to bind the soil;
[1] Surface becomes compacted by heavy rain/bulldozers;
[1] Less infiltration;
[1] Large amounts of surface run off remove soil;
[1] More exposed to the wind erosion etc 4 @ 1 mark
[1] selective logging/log one species/size rather than clear cutting;
[1] clear cutting results in destruction of all vegetation;
[1] helilogging;
[1] collect/gather fruit/nuts;
[1] rubber tapping;
[1] tribal reserves;
[1] conservation areas/ban activities such as logging in certain areas;
[1] ecotourism;
[1] restricting logging/quotas;
[1] afforestation/replanting trees;
[1] agroforestry;
[1] small scale hunting or hunting by indigenous groups;
[1] shifting cultivation/slash and burn etc 5 @ 1 mark for development
Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail describing and/or explaining the main features of tropical rainforest climate. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example More developed statements describing and/or explaining the main features of tropical rainforest climate. (NB: max 5 if no named example or inappropriate example. Accept names of countries only where the whole country is rainforest – for example, Borneo) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example Comprehensive and accurate statements describing and explaining the main features of tropical rainforest climates, including some place specific reference. An answer at L3 must have description and explanation. Candidates are likely to refer to: Temperatures; Evaporation; Condensation; Rainfall; Cumulus clouds; Overhead sun etc Place specific detail may include names of places, locational information and appropriate statistics. NB: Statistics on their own would be L1. However, a description plus statistics to support would be L2.