Section C Answer one question from this section. (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows information about pollution of the environment. [Figure 8.0] (b) Study Fig. 9, a newspaper article about global warming. [Figure 9.0]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2011). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a)(i) A cause of pollution/origin of the pollution/where pollution comes from/things which pollute the environment
2. [2] (a)(ii) A. fumes from crop spraying/herbicides/insecticide/emissions from machinery/methane from cattle dung/slash and burn/burning stubble/smell from manure etc.; B. fumes from exhausts/carbon dioxide emissions from cars etc.
3. [3] (a)(iii) Problems for people such as: Asthma/breathing difficulties; Contamination of drinking water/water borne diseases/cholera; (Too much noise) prevents sleep/concentration etc.; Unpleasant ugly buildings/aesthetically unattractive/spoils the view; Fish are killed so people have less food; Acid rain damages buildings etc.
4. [3] (b)(i) Ideas such as: Maldives is low land/all below 2 metres above sea level; danger of flooding/rising sea level/it could be submerged; small island communities at risk/all the country/island will be flooded; coral reefs will be damaged; tourist industry will be destroyed etc.
5. [4] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: there will be less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/emitted; carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas; reducing it will make the blanket of gases thinner; so less heat is trapped; so rise in temperature will be slowed down/temperature decreased etc. (NB Accept ideas expressed as inverse)
6. [5] (b)(iii) Ideas such as: Use of alternative energy supplies; e.g. HEP/wind/solar (MAX 1); So less fossil fuels are used (dev); Using more public transport/use bikes; International agreements; Afforestation/reduce levels of deforestation; As trees use up carbon dioxide (dev); Electric cars/ecofriendly cars; Limits on factory emissions/fines; Awareness/education about damage done or what can be done about reducing levels; conservation of energy/use less electricity (MAX 1 on dev of methods); encourage recycling/less incineration; government incentives/grants towards etc.
7. [7] (c) Level 1 (1–3 marks): Statements including limited detail describing causes and/or effects of water pollution. (e.g. kills fish, sewage disposal, oil spillages, pollutes beaches etc.)
8. [7] (c) Level 2 (4–6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements describing causes and/or effects of water pollution. (e.g. kills fish as oil clogs up their gills, disposal of untreated sewage from large urban areas, oil spillages from tankers washing out their tanks, pollutes beaches so reduces numbers of tourists etc. (NB MAX 5 marks if no named example or inappropriate example)
9. [7] (c) Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example (e.g. North Sea). Comprehensive and accurate statements describing causes and effects of water pollution including some place specific reference. (e.g. kills fish as oil clogs up their gills, disposal of untreated sewage from large urban areas such as Rotterdam along Dutch coast, oil spillages from tankers in Thames estuary washing out their tanks, pollutes beaches along the Essex coast so reduces numbers of tourists, pollutants washed into North Sea from heavily polluted rivers such as Rhine. etc.)