Section C Answer one question from this section. (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows information about international tourism. [Figure 6.0] (b) Study Fig. 7, information about a landlocked country in Africa where the government would like to develop a tourist industry. [Figure 7.0]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2011). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a)(i) 14
2. [2] (a)(ii) Ideas such as: Long established/more tourist destinations; Close to many densely populated/urban areas/lots of other countries; Affluence/paid leave; Well developed transport network/better infrastructure (or example); Historical cities/sites/monuments; Variety of types of holiday available Safety/political stability; Well advertised; No need for VISA etc.
3. [3] (a)(iii) Natural attractions such as: Mountains/upland areas/moorlands; Beaches/bays/sea; Areas of natural environment e.g. deserts, rainforest; Specific references to weather/climate/atmosphere e.g. sunny/dry/clean air; Coral reefs; Wildlife (in its natural habitat/environment)/game reserves/fauna; Caves; Lakes; Rivers/waterfalls; Volcano/hot spring/geyser; Glaciers; Canyons/gorge/valley etc. NB Attractions must be of different types (e.g. coastal, mountain) but could be named or the type stated (e.g. stack or Old Harry Rocks)
4. [4] (a)(iv) Ideas such as: to go round/explore/see buildings/towns/places; to photograph buildings/towns/places; for rides/thrills; religious pilgrimages and/or built attractions such as: cultural buildings/museums/opera house/theatre; churches/cathedrals/mosques; traditional/historical buildings/places/ruins; castles/forts; palaces; monuments/statues/towers; restaurants/bars/discos/night clubs/casinos; theme parks/fairgrounds/water parks; significant/unique buildings/architecture; luxury hotels/resorts; designer/luxury shopping/shopping malls/complexes etc. dams; sporting venues etc. Examples not to be credited (e.g. La Scala = 0) however if an example is given it may contain a valid idea (e.g. La Scala Opera House = 1).
5. [3] (b)(i) Difficulties such as: e.g. lack of airports/small airports: insufficient hotels; water supply infrastructure is poor/lack of rain in Jan/Feb; lack of up to date sanitation system; poor electricity network; large animals are not common; wet season may put off tourists from June – Sept etc. poor road network; poor railway system; no coastline/beaches; people have no experience with tourists/language difficulties/resistance from local people; need for finance/possibility of debt etc.
6. [5] (b)(ii) Ideas such as: Benefits: People can earn money/jobs are created for local people example (to MAX 2); foreign exchange/boosts economy/brings money into country; multiplier effect; people learn new skills; enabling spending on education/hospitals etc. (to MAX 2); development of infrastructure (water, electricity, transport etc.) (to MAX 2); cultural exchange/learn language; retention of culture/traditions; increased market for local farmers; sales of local craft items; locals can use tourist attractions Disadvantages: increase in local traffic/congestion/atmospheric pollution from traffic; loss of local culture/traditional way of life; impact of behaviour of tourists/drunkenness etc.; tourism may encourage illegal activity e.g. gambling, prostitution; noise from tourists; exploitation/low paid jobs/long hours; seasonal work; shortage of water supplies; litter from tourists; lack of privacy; loss of farmland for building; increase in price of goods/services; loss of money to foreign firms/MNCs; highest paid jobs go to foreigners; displacement of local people; dependency on tourism may be a problem in times of recession etc. NB MAX 3 on benefits/disadvantages
7. [7] (c) Level 1 (1–3 marks): Statements including limited detail describing how tourism is damaging the natural environment. (e.g. vegetation destroyed/plants killed, animals killed, fumes from exhausts/traffic; over use of water, litter from tourists on beaches; waste from hotels, damages ecosystems, loss of habitats etc.)
8. [7] (c) Level 2 (4–6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements which describe how tourism is damaging the natural environment. (e.g. sand dune vegetation destroyed; ecosystems threatened as food chains disrupted; loss of habitats threatens species; noise from construction/traffic scares animals away; fumes from exhausts/traffic damages roadside vegetation, over use of water supplies lowers water table; litter from tourists on beaches/in sea may kills sea turtles; waste from tourists dumped on landfill sites causes seepage of toxins into water table etc.) (NB MAX 5 marks if no named example or inappropriate example)
9. [7] (c) Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example (e.g. Villingili, Maldives). Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. (e.g. tropical coconut palms destroyed for building of hotels; ecosystems threatened as food chain disrupted, loss of habitats for lizards; ferry every 10 minutes from Male pollutes seas, noise from construction/traffic scares animals away; litter from tourists on beaches/in sea may kills reef fish; waste from tourists incinerated polluting atmosphere, coral reefs destroyed by tourists trampling on them/taking samples home.