O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/11 · Oct/Nov 2011 · Q625 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 10, which shows the percentage of people employed in agriculture and the Gross National Product (GNP) per person of selected countries. GNP is a measure of wealth. [Figure 10]

(a)(i)State the general relationship between the percentage of people employed in agriculture and the GNP per person.[1]
(a)(ii)Name a country shown on Fig. 10 which does not fit the general relationship which you have stated in (a)(i). Give a reason for your choice.[2]
(a)(iii)Explain why a high percentage of the population of LEDCs work in agriculture.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why many LEDCs suffer from food shortages, even though a large percentage of their population are farmers.[4]
(b)(i)Using Fig. 11 only, identify three differences in energy used between France and Kenya.[3]
(b)(ii)Suggest reasons why the importance of different sources of energy varies from country to country.[5]
(c)The use of energy may increase global warming. Describe the likely impacts of global warming on named areas which you have studied. You should refer to the impacts on people and the natural environment. Areas studied[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2011). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Higher GNP lower percentage in agriculture/negative relationship
[1] Tunisia
[1] as its percentage in agriculture is relatively high for its GNP/it should have a lower GNP for its percentage in agriculture
[1] many people live in rural areas
[1] many are subsistence farmers/grow their own food
[1] much work is labour intensive/lack of machinery/technology
[1] as they cannot afford machines
[1] there are few other employment opportunities/factories etc.
[1] drought
[1] flooding
[1] hurricanes/cyclones/typhoons
[1] overcultivation exhaustion of soils
[1] overgrazing
[1] soil erosion
[1] wars/conflict
[1] lack of money for food/seeds
[1] no or poor quality irrigation techniques/cannot afford irrigation
[1] cannot afford fertilizers
[1] no pesticides/herbicides
[1] pests
[1] overpopulation/increasing population
[1] uneducated/unskilled/use traditional techniques
[1] lack of technology/machinery
[1] cash crops are produced rather than food for the population
[1] lack of space/land to grow crops
[1] more use of oil in France
[1] more use of coal in France
[1] wood used in Kenya but not in France
[1] gas used in France but not Kenya
[1] main fuel in France is oil but in Kenya it is wood
[1] Availability of reserves of fossil fuels/coal/oil/natural gas
[1] Level of technology available
[1] Government policy/attitude/towards the environment/e.g. nuclear power
[1] Environmental conditions or examples e.g. opportunity to use solar power, HEP
[1] can't afford to.../finance.../expense...
[1-3] Level 1: Statements including limited detail describing likely impacts of global warming on people and/or natural environment (e.g. loss of species, flooding of lowland areas, climatic change, different crops can be grown, tourists put off etc.).
[4-6] Level 2: With reference to only one named area up to max 6 marks. More developed statements describing likely impacts of global warming on people and/or natural environment (e.g. ice melts and therefore loss of species from cold environments, rise in sea level causes flooding of coastal lowland areas, increased temperatures reduce snowfall in some areas threatening winter sports industries, crops such as vines can be grown in areas which were not previously hot or sunny enough etc.).
[7] Level 3: Comprehensive and accurate statements describing likely impacts of global warming on people and natural environment, including some references to named places – two or more (e.g. Antarctic ice melts and therefore loss of species such as penguins, rise in sea level causes flooding of coastal lowland areas such as Fens/Bangladesh/Netherlands/Maldives, increased temperatures reduce snowfall in Alps threatening winter sports industries, crops such as vines can be grown in areas in Southern England which were not previously hot or sunny enough etc.).