O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/12 · May/June 2024 · Q625 Marks

Study Figs. 6.1 and 6.2, graphs showing information about air pollution in the USA (an MEDC in North America).

(a)(i)Using Fig. 6.1, state the percentage of air pollution in the USA caused by carbon monoxide. .......................................................................... %[1]
(a)(ii)Complete Fig. 6.1 by plotting the following information: nitrogen oxides 9% sulfur oxides 8%.[2]
(a)(iii)Using Fig. 6.2 only, identify three differences between the percentage of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides from transportation and industrial processes. Do not use statistics. carbon monoxide ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... nitrogen oxides ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... sulfur oxides .....................................................................................................................................................................................................[3]
(a)(iv)Describe the impacts of air pollution.[4]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 6.3, a table showing the results of a survey about the popularity of six methods of reducing air pollution in urban areas. Using Fig. 6.3 only, state three conclusions about the popularity of the different methods of reducing air pollution in urban areas. Refer to both young people and older people in each of your conclusions. Do not use statistics. 1 2 3[3]
(b)(ii)Fig. 6.3 shows six methods for reducing air pollution. Which method do you think is most effective? Justify your answer by referring to the advantages of the method you have chosen and the disadvantages of one of the methods you rejected. Method chosen ................................................................ advantages ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ Method rejected ................................................................ disadvantages ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................[5]
(c)For an example you have studied, describe the impacts of a transnational corporation (TNC) on the people living in an LEDC. Name of transnational corporation (TNC) ................................................................ Name of LEDC ................................................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] 38(%) 1 mark
[2] 1 mark for correct order of shading (type of shading needs to be correct). 1 mark for dividing line at 83 (if order is correct) – (at 82 if order is incorrect). 2 @ 1 mark
[3] More carbon monoxide from transportation/less from industrial processes; More nitrogen oxides from transportation/less from industrial processes; More sulphur oxides from industrial processes/less from transportation. 3 @ 1 mark
[4] Kills people/animals; Breathing difficulties/asthma/emphysema; Lung cancer/lung disease/TB (tuberculosis); Heart problems; Brain disease/development or e.g. (Alzheimers); Birth defects; Reduces visibility/causes smog; Irritates/causes problems for skin/eyes; Acid rain/ocean acidification; (Impacts such) as erodes stonework on buildings/statues; Destruction of ozone layer; Increase in UV rays/sunstroke/skin cancer; Global warming/climate change; (Impacts such as) rising sea levels/flooding of coastal lowlands/kills/bleaches coral; Kills vegetation/restricts crop/vegetation growth; Affects food chains/reduces biodiversity/destroys ecosystems; Restricts tourism/closure of schools/businesses; Etc. 4 @ 1 mark
[3] Planting trees is most popular choice of older people and young people/more older people agree with planting trees than young people; Least popular method for older people is restricting sale of petrol/diesel cars but least popular for young people is restricting use of wood fires in homes; More older people agree with building more public transport; More older people agree with discounts for electric cars; More older people agree with restricting use of wood fires in homes; More young people agree with restricting sale of petrol/diesel cars; More young people agree with building cycle lanes. Note: comparison needed. 3 @ 1 mark
[5] Candidates can choose any of the strategies (no mark). Marks to be awarded for advantages of chosen strategy and disadvantages of the chosen rejected method. plant more trees in urban areas: Advantages: Trees reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/reduce global warming/reduce climate change; Impacts of climate change or e.g. of impacts; Aesthetic value/provides recreational areas in city; Help to provide shade/cooling effect; Wood supply; Creation of employment; Cheap; Habitat creation for wildlife; Etc. Disadvantages; Impacts are not immediate/they take a long time to grow; They would have minimal effect locally; Industries/vehicles will still pollute; There is little land available in urban areas to plant trees; Etc. Build more public transport networks: Advantages: Replaces the number of cars emitting greenhouse gases; Reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/reduce global warming; Impacts of climate change or e.g. of impacts; Reduce particulate emissions/less soot on buildings; Reduce commuting times; Reduces congestion/less chance of being in traffic jam; Cheaper than owning and maintaining cars; Carries more people in a single vehicle; Etc. Disadvantages: Expensive to build; No flexibility on timetables; Wait times; Slower than personal transport; Don't stop at all destinations; Lack of personal space/lack of privacy, cleanliness, comfort; Time consuming to construct/problems during construction; Etc. Build more cycle lanes in cities: Advantages: Replaces the number of cars emitting greenhouse gases; Leads to fresher air; Creates employment; Health benefits; Safety/separates cyclists from motorists/less accidents; Cycling to work/college is cheaper than other forms of transport; Etc. Disadvantages: Funding the creation and maintenance of cycle lanes is costly; Not suitable for some people to cycle – disabilities; Impact is not immediate/they take a long time to construct; Industries/delivery vehicles will still pollute; Cycle lanes cause problems for on-street parking/deliveries for store owners; Reduces space for motor vehicles/pedestrians; Pedestrians have been injured/died from collisions with cyclists; Some cycle lanes have to be built on private property or on public spaces; Some cycle lane designs place cyclists in danger of parked vehicles due to the opening of doors; Etc. Reduce prices of electric cars: Advantages: Reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/reduce global warming; Impacts of climate change or e.g. of impacts; Reduce particulate emissions/less soot on buildings; Low cost; More people will buy them; Quieter vehicles; Fewer tankers needed to deliver fuel; Powered using sustainable energy; Lower running costs for drivers; Health benefits e.g. fewer breathing problems; Etc. Disadvantages: Danger from quiet vehicles; Pollution from electricity generation to power the EVs; Cost for manufacturers will increase/less profit for manufacturers; Cost/practicality of charging infrastructure; Etc. Restrict the sale of new petrol and diesel cars: Advantages: Reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/reduce global warming; Impacts of climate change or e.g. of impacts; Reduce particulate emissions/less soot on buildings; Health benefits e.g. fewer breathing problems; Low/no cost to government; Etc. Disadvantages: Many diesel and petrol cars will still be on the road/still pollute; Industries/domestic users will still pollute; Loss of employment (manufacturers/retailers); Cost to consumer/manufacturer/people have no alternative than buying expensive electric cars; Etc. Restrict the use of wood fires in homes: Advantages: Less wood cut down; Low cost; Which provide shade/cooling; Which provide habitat for wildlife; Which provide aesthetic value/recreational areas in city; Reduces smog locally; Profit for suppliers of other heating methods; Etc. Disadvantages: Industries/domestic users will still pollute; Cost to residents to convert heating systems; Cost/lack of profit for wood suppliers/log burner sellers; Lack of employment for wood suppliers/log burner sellers; Etc. Note: max. 3 marks for advantages/disadvantages. Only accept a cost reference as an advantage or a disadvantage for 1 mark max. 5 @ 1 mark or development
[7] Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe impacts of a TNC on people living in a country where it operates. Level 2 (4–6 marks) More developed or linked statements which describe impacts of a TNC on people living in a country where it operates. (Note: Max. 5 if no named or inappropriate example.) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe impacts of a TNC on people living in a country where it operates, including some place references. Note: Place specific reference must be for the country selected as the example. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Employment; Multiplier effect; Infrastructure development; Transport improvements; Impact of economic growth/development on population; Exploitation of workforce; Impacts of specified pollution on people; Etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details, Named places/countries, Specific details of TNC etc.