Students in South Korea investigated differences in temperatures around their school. They chose 10 sites at which to measure temperature, 5 in a built-up area and 5 in a rural area. The 10 sites are shown on Fig. 7.1 (Insert). The students investigated the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Temperatures are higher in the built-up area than in the rural area. Hypothesis 2: Daily temperatures differ more in the built-up area than in the rural area.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [3] Give instant readings / faster / saves time / quick / sensitive (1) Easy to read / clear to read / large digital readout (1) Don't need to know how to read a thermometer (1) Exact figures / accurate / precise / to 1 DP / reliable (1) Less chance of making mistake in reading / mis-reading (1) Portable / can be used at more than one site (1) Can be reset / no need to reset (1) Can download to computer / store data (1) Safer if dropped because no mercury / less fragile than glass (1) Can read degrees C or F (1) Will give consistent reading (1)
2. [2] Use another / different type of thermometer (1) Partner / other student checks / compares readings are accurate (1) Take more readings and compare / check (1)
3. [2] Average temperature = 28.1 (°C) Temperature difference = 21.2 (°C)
4. [3] Answers to be comparative. Can credit correct data as a stand-alone answer. Average temperature is higher in car park (1) e.g. 28.1 °C is higher than 22 °C / 6.1 °C higher (1D) Afternoon temperature is anomaly or error / higher than other rural sites (1) e.g. 38.7 °C compared to 25.6 °C / 13.1 °C higher (1D) Temperature difference is anomaly / greater than other rural sites (1) e.g. 21.2 °C compared to 8.7 °C / 12.5 °C higher (1D) Car park is not a natural / vegetation site / it is man-made / urban / not common OR typical of rural areas (1)
5. [2] Plotting on bar graph; ignore shading; credit two plots. Residential area – 29 °C Large dense woodland – 16.7 °C
6. [3] Hypothesis is true / correct – 1 mark reserve Average temperature is higher in built-up area (1) e.g. Highest 31 °C in built-up; highest in rural is 22 °C (1D) e.g. Average built-up is 26.1 °C but 19.5 °C in rural (1D) e.g. All in built-up over 22 °C and all in rural 22 °C or less (1D) e.g. Lowest 22.9 °C in built-up area is higher than 22 °C highest in rural (1D) Afternoon temperatures all higher in built-up area (1) Ignore car park. e.g. highest temperature in built-up area 39.8 and in rural area 25.6 °C (1) e.g. lowest temperature in built-up area = 26.8 °C and but highest in rural area 25.6 °C (1) Hypothesis is incorrect / partially correct / false = 0 (ХНА) If no hypothesis conclusion ^HA and credit evidence
7. [2] Morning X at 17.8 °C. Credit on the line below 18 °C Afternoon at 27.9 °C. Credit between 27.8 / 28.1 NOT at 28.2 1 mark each for plotting both accurately with correct symbols No mark for joining vertical line.
8. [3] Hypothesis is partially true –1 mark reserve Credit paired data to MAX. 1 which supports the hypothesis e.g. 17.7 °C on driveway / built-up area and 8.7 °C on grassland / rural OR 9 °C difference (1D) e.g. range 17.7–7.5 °C differences in built-up higher than range 0.5 to 8.7 in rural (1D) Credit paired data to MAX. 1 which shows that hypothesis is incorrect e.g. 7.6 °C on pathway / built-up area and 8.7 on grassland / rural OR 1.1 °C difference (1D) e.g. 7.5 °C on residential area / built-up area and 8.7 on grassland / rural OR 1.2 °C difference (1D)
9. [4] In built-up area: Ground / concrete / building materials absorb / radiate heat (1) Surfaces lose heat at night (1) Central heating / air conditioning control temperature (1) In rural area: Vegetation gives more shade / trees block sunlight (1) Less heat escapes at night (1) More humidity / transpiration in woodland (1)
10. [2] How: reduce temperatures / makes it colder (1) Why: clouds block sun's rays / short-wave radiation / less heat absorbed (1)
11. [1] Anemometer (1)
12. [3] Cups / cones / arms / wings / blades revolve / spin / rotate / turn / pushed around / circular motion (1) Must name part that spins etc.; Meter counts / records number of revolutions / counts or records wind speed (1) Display screen shows wind speed / number (1) Reading as kms per hour (1)