O-LevelGeographyThe natural environment2217/12 · May/June 2018 · Q325 Marks

Answer one question from this section. (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows an area of coast in the north east of Spain.

(a)(i)Estimate the width of the Gulf of Roses from A to B. Circle your answer in the list below. 5 km 12 km 17 km 20 km[1]
(a)(ii)Identify two types of landform which may have formed as a result of coastal erosion in the area labelled X on Fig. 3.1. Tick your answers in the list below. Landform Tick (✓) Cliff Coral reef Delta Spit Wave-cut platform[2]
(a)(iii)Suggest reasons for the formation of a headland and bay in the area shown on Fig. 3.1.[3]
(a)(iv)Explain why beaches form in bays such as the Gulf of Roses.[4]
(b)Study Fig. 3.2, which shows methods of coastal management.
(b)(i)Match the methods of coastal management shown in Fig. 3.2 by using arrows to link the correct methods with their names in the table below. An example has been done for you. Method A ►Gabion Method B Groyne Method C Revetment Method D Sea wall[3]
(b)(ii)Explain how the methods shown in Fig. 3.2 protect the coast from erosion.[5]
(c)Describe the conditions required for the development of coral reefs.[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] 17 km
[2] Cliff; Wave cut platform; 2 @ 1 mark
[3] Ideas such as: Alternating hard and soft rocks/discordant coastline; Hard rocks are more resistant to erosion/soft rocks are less resistant to erosion; Hard rocks form headlands/soft rocks form bay etc. 3 @ 1 mark
[4] Ideas such as: Bays are sheltered ; Refraction of waves may occur; Shallow water (friction caused by); Constructive waves/low energy waves; Deposition occurs/sediment builds up; 4 @ 1 mark
[3] A = Sea wall B = Revetment C = Groyne 3 @ 1 mark
[5] Ideas such as: It/they reduce the power of the waves; Sea walls strengthen the cliffs Sea walls deflect waves; Gabions absorb wave energy; Gabions stabilise cliff; Revetments cause waves to break/stop waves breaking on beach; Erosion on revetment rather than on cliff; Groynes prevent removal of beach material/trap beach material; Groynes prevent longshore drift; Note: Not just a description of the methods but how they actually protect the coast. 5 @ 1 mark or development
[7] Levels marking Level 1 (1-3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe the conditions required for the development of coral reefs. Level 2 (4-6 marks) More developed statements which describe the conditions required for the development of coral reefs. Level 3 (7 marks) Note: 4 × L2 or 3 × L2 plus 1 × L1. Does not need place specific detail. Comprehensive and accurate description of the conditions required for the development of coral reefs, including relevant statistical detail. Content Guide: Ideas such as: Warm water; Water temperatures between 18-32 °C; Shallow water; Not more than 50/60 metres deep; Clean/clear water; Free from sediment/diesel fumes/not polluted; Plentiful supply of oxygen in water; Plentiful supply of nutrients Such as plankton; Calm water; No strong currents/waves; PH is alkaline/basic; PH/8 or above ; Salty water; 35 g salt per1000 g water;