O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/22 · May/June 2017 · Q830 Marks

Members of a water charity were doing research into the water supply in six rural villages in India before beginning a water improvement scheme.

(a)(i)The water charity published information about differences in water access and use in different parts of the world. Fig. 15 (Insert) shows the world distribution of people with no access to clean water. Use the data on Fig. 15 to complete the table below which ranks the different areas. Number of people with no access Areas of the world to clean water Most people Least people More economically developed areas in North America, Europe, Asia and Australasia[2]
(a)(ii)Fig. 16 (opposite) compares one resident's daily use of water in Delhi, the capital city of India, and one resident's daily use in one of the rural villages where research was being done. Use the data in Table 6 (below) to complete the Delhi resident's use of water in Fig. 16 (opposite). Table 6 Delhi resident's use of water Activity Amount of water (litres) used in one day by resident of Delhi Flushing the toilet 45 Having a shower 20 Preparing food and drinks 7 Using the dishwasher 28 Using the washing machine / washing clothes 102 Washing 6[3]
(a)(iii)Using Fig. 16 and Table 6, identify two main differences between the use of water by the residents in Delhi and in the village. 1 2[2]
(b)(i)To investigate the two hypotheses the researchers used a questionnaire with residents of 20 houses in each village. The questionnaire is shown in Fig. 17 (Insert). Describe an appropriate method to choose a fair sample of 20 houses in each village.[3]
(b)(ii)Suggest two practical difficulties for the researchers of collecting data using a questionnaire. 1 2[2]
(c)(i)The results of Questions 1, 2 and 3 in the questionnaire are shown in Table 7 (Insert). Fig. 18 (below) shows distance travelled and time spent collecting water. Use the results in Table 7 to plot the data for Bacharna in Fig. 18. [Figure 18][1]
(c)(ii)The researchers made the conclusion that Hypothesis 1: There is a positive relationship between the average time spent by villagers collecting water and the average distance they travel to collect was partly true. What evidence in Table 7 and Fig. 18 supports this conclusion?[4]
(c)(iii)Fig. 19 (below) shows the average time spent collecting water and the amount of water used per family. Use the results in Table 7 to plot the data for Kalijal in Fig. 19. [Figure 19][1]
(c)(iv)What conclusion would the researchers make about Hypothesis 2: There is a positive relationship between the average time spent by villagers collecting water and the average amount of water used per family? Support your decision with evidence from Table 7 and Fig. 19.[4]
(d)(i)The results of Question 4 in the questionnaire are shown in Table 8 (Insert). In which village did all families get some of their water from wells?[1]
(d)(ii)In which village did families get their water from the greatest variety of sources?[1]
(d)(iii)Suggest reasons why families in Soorpora obtained their water from different sources than families in Bacharna.[3]
(d)(iv)As well as having to travel long distances or taking a long time to collect water, suggest other problems with the water supply in villages like Bacharna and Kalijal.[3]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] 1 or 2 in correct row = 1; 3 or 4 in correct row = 2. Allow credit if area not fully written out but is a correct choice. Africa; South East + East Asia; South West + Central Asia; Central + South America
[3] Completion of divided bar graph: Dishwasher = 28 (line at 100), washing machine = 102 (line at 202), washing = 6 (line at 208). Only credit first 2 lines. ; 2 marks for lines at 100 and 202; ignore 208 line if they add it. ; 1 mark for three shadings in correct order from the left using the key.
[2] Credit two separate comparative examples from the 4 main uses. Accept reverse answers for less uses in village. Only accept comparative figures if use word "only" before lower one. Delhi resident uses more water overall/village resident uses less water (1); Delhi more water flushing the toilet (1); Delhi more water having a shower (1); Delhi more water using the dishwasher (1); Delhi more water using the washing machine/washing clothes (1)
[3] Stratified: (1R) Need to find out gender or age of residents (1) / Ask a balanced number or proportionate number of residents of different age group and gender (1) / OR Identify different types of houses/ask residents from different types of houses (1 max). Systematic (1R) Choose residents/houses at regular intervals (1) / Every tenth resident who passes them/every tenth house they pass (1). Random (1R) Use random no. tables to generate order to ask resident/identify houses (1) / Choose residents/houses which fit the sequence identified (1) / OR Ask anybody/next resident/visit any house/no pattern (1 max)
[2] Language difficulties/can't read/write/uneducated/don't understand (1); People not cooperating/answering questions/privacy/lying/personal issues (1); People not knowing precise answers to the questions/inaccurate answers (1); If visiting houses people may be out/at work (1)
[1] Plotting Bacharna on scatter graph: time = 22 hours, distance = 950 m; Need accurate plot and name
[4] NOTE: Ignore any decision made by candidates; just mark evidence to support the researchers' decision. Two general points plus two marks reserved for data. If they use graph for data allow sensible tolerance ref. table figures. Results from 4/most villages support positive hypothesis/2 villages do not support (1) (4 villages if named are Anganwa, Bacharna, Lolawas, Modijoshiyan); Soorpora and Kalijal are anomalies/do not fit the pattern (1). Credit paired data to support positive hypothesis – distance and time for two villages e.g. Anganwa 120 metres distance and 14 hours' time and Bacharna 950 metres and 22 hours' time (1R). Can be any two of the four named supporting villages that show positive trend i.e. from Anganwa, Bacharna, Lolowas, Modijoshiyan. Credit data for either anomaly. Distance at Soorpora is only 136 metres; spend 18 hours collecting it (1R) OR Distance at Kalijal is 1460 metres but only spend 19 hours collecting it (1R)
[1] Plot data for Kalijal on scatter graph: time = 19 hours, water used = 215 litres; Need accurate plot and name.
[4] Hypothesis is FALSE. 1 mark reserve. Evidence: No relationship/correlation is shown (1 Reserve). Credit either two general statements or one general statement plus correct stats for any of the following villages. Allow sensible tolerances for data if use graph rather than table. e.g. Bacharna has longest time but not the lowest uses (1) 22 hours and 286 litres (1); Anganwa has shortest time but one of higher uses (1) 14 hours and 316 litres (1); Modijoshiyan has most use but a middle/average time (1) 343 litres and 17 hours (1); Khalijal has lowest use but one of highest times (1) 215 litres and 19 hours (1)
[1] Bacharna
[1] Lolawas
[3] More developed water infrastructure in Soorpura/less developed water infrastructure in Bacharna (1); Soorpura is a richer village / more money to spend Bacharna poorer village (1); Less rainfall in Soorpura/ more rainfall in Bacharna/ (1); Lower water table in Soorpura so less wells (1); River/water may be polluted in Soorpura/not polluted in Bacharna (1); May be no river in Soorpura/near to river at Bacharna (1)
[3] Water is polluted/dirty/contaminated/not clean/unsafe to consume (1); Water may cause disease/bacteria/sickness/health problems (1); Animals may pollute water (1); Dries up/unreliable water supply/runs out of water/lack of rainfall (1); Unable to store sufficient water/leaking stores/tanks (1); Rainfall is seasonal/periodic/erratic (1); Overuse by people/animals (1)