Study Fig. 7, which shows information about Zambia (an LEDC in Africa) and Malaysia (a newly industrialized country in Asia). Development indicator | Zambia | Malaysia ---|---|--- Total population | 15 million | 30.5 million Value of exports (US) | 9.2 billion | 231.3 billion GDP per capita (US) | 4100 | 24700 HDI rank | 141 | 62 Life expectancy (years) | 52.2 | 74.7 Population below poverty line | 60.5% | 3.8% [Fig. 7] Study Fig. 8, which shows information about the benefits of a village clinic in an LEDC. [Fig. 8]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Human Development Index
2. [2] Ideas such as a lack of: Food / malnutrition / starvation; Shelter / housing; Education for their children / low literacy rates; Health care; Lack of clean water: Lack of sanitation; High crime rate etc
3. [3] Ideas such as: it is a composite index / it is not based on income alone / it includes three different indicators; life expectancy / income / education; it can be used to directly compare countries / allows you to rank countries; values can be used to note changes over time etc.
4. [4] Ideas such as: Malaysia is likely to have more industry (or example) / there will be different amounts of industry; Malaysia could have more (natural) resources (or example) / there will be different amounts of resources; Malaysia exports more than Zambia / they will be different amounts of exports; Malaysia may have more stable government / stability of government may vary; Zambia may have been more adversely affected by colonialism; Malaysia may have better infrastructure / roads / ports / there will be variation in the infrastructure / roads / ports; People in Malaysia are better educated / have developed more skills / there will be variation in levels of education / skills; Malaysia may have better healthcare or examples / there will be different amounts of healthcare; Malaysia may have better hygiene / sanitation / clean water / there will be variations in the hygiene / sanitation / provision of clean water; A country may be landlocked or not; There may be a predominance of subsistence farming; There may be more tourism ; Impact of war / conflict; Zambia may have lower wages than Malaysia etc.
5. [3] Reduce birth rates It provides family planning / education for family planning / mother and baby care reduces IMR which reduces BR; Reduce death rates It treats diseases / provides vaccinations / creates AIDS awareness / educates people about healthy diet / hygiene / education about disease prevention Increase literacy More children will be able to attend school
6. [5] Potential changes in any one development indicator should be chosen as follows: Increase in GDP / HDI / life expectancy or reduction in population below poverty line (1 mark RESERVE) Increase in Life Expectancy: More treatment for disease; Better healthcare provided; More health workers / doctors/nurses; Education about how to stop disease; Know how to keep their environment clean; Know how to prevent the transfer of AIDS / HIV etc Increase in GDP: People become healthier; So that they can be more productive; Output will increase / more exports; More children will be attending schools; So skills levels of workforce will improve etc Note: Not direct copying from the text. Candidates should put into their own words or the context should show further understanding. Reasons must match the indicator chosen.
7. [7] Levels marking: Level 1 (1-3 marks): Statements including limited detail which describe the impacts of a transnational corporation. Level 2 (4-6 marks): Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the impacts of a transnational corporation. (Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks): Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Creation of jobs Wealth creation Infrastructural development Development of communications network Exploitation Low wages Specified pollution etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Specific details about TNC Named areas where TNC operates Statistical detail