(a) Study Fig. 7, a block diagram of part of the Grand Canyon National Park in the USA. [Figure 7] (b) Study Photographs D and E (Insert) along with Fig. 7, which show the Grand Canyon National Park.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] 1150 – 1250 metres
2. [1] close to A there are (pine) forests
3. [1] this becomes (low) shrubs
4. [1] close to B there are cacti/drought resistant plants;
5. 2 marks for reference to all 3 types of vegetation types.
6. 1 mark for reference to 2 types
7. NB: It is acceptable if a candidate writes about the changes from B to A as long as they state B to A.
8. [1] Differences in precipitation/precipitation will be greater closer to A/it is drier at B;
9. [1] Differences in temperatures/temperatures will be higher closer to B;
10. [1] B will be more sheltered;
11. [1] There may be more frost/snow closer to A;
12. [1] Differences in soil type/fertility;
13. [1] Differences in relief /higher altitude/steeper/lower;
14. [1] etc.
15. [1] Characteristics such as: steep slopes/cliffs/V shaped valley;
16. [1] not much vegetation/vegetation by river/type of vegetation;
17. [1] bare rocks/sedimentary rocks/layers;
18. [1] river;
19. [1] depth of Canyon/deep valley;
20. [1] broken up/loose rocks;
21. [1] flat top/plateau;
22. [1] etc.
23. [1] Ideas such as: deforestation/loss of vegetation/trampling/wearing away vegetation/picking plants or flowers;
24. [1] destruction of natural habitats;
25. [1] animals killed;
26. [1] loss of species/extinction/reduction in biodiversity;
27. [1] food chains disrupted;
28. [1] pollution of river/water pollution;
29. [1] atmospheric pollution;
30. [1] litter;
31. [1] noise scares wildlife;
32. [1] etc.
33. [1] Ideas such as: it protects vegetation/wildlife/environment;
34. [1] numbers of visitors to the area will be reduced/controlled;
35. [1] some areas will be fenced off/out of bounds;
36. [1] leave time so that species can recover;
37. [1] visitors will be educated/informed;
38. [1] so there will be less damage to the environment (or examples) (dev);
39. [1] buildings/industrial development will be controlled;
40. [1] so less vegetation/land will be lost to development (dev);
41. [1] money available to be spent on e.g. pathways/wildlife;
42. [1] rangers are employed to help protect the area;
43. [1] litter bins/litter picks/notices not to litter;
44. [1] etc.
45. NB: cannot just state 'maintain, conserve or improve' without development as it is in the question.
46. Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe the benefits and/or problems of tourism for local people.
47. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the benefits and/or problems of tourism for local people.
48. (NB: Max 5 if no named example)
49. Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe both benefits and problems of tourism for local people, including some place specific reference.
50. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to; Employment, Multiplier effect, Improvement of infrastructure or examples e.g. roads, transport, utilities such as electricity, Increased market for local products, Seasonal work, Low pay, Loss of farmland, Impact on culture etc.
51. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Details of specific resorts or attractions etc.
52. NB: example must be smaller than a country unless it is a small country or island.