The study by Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritans) used models and victims.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. 5(a) 1 mark per correct feature
2. 5(a) White.
3. 5(a) Males.
4. 5(a) Aged 24-29 years.
5. 5(a) Informally clothed / not the same attire / casual clothing.
6. 5(a) Students from Columbia University.
7. 5(b) 2 marks for result with a meaningful comparison.
8. 5(b) 1 mark for partial result / no meaningful comparison.
9. 5(b) e.g., The average time it took people to help the ill victim was significantly faster than the average time taken to help the drunk victim (2 marks).
10. 5(b) People were consistently faster to help in groups of 7 compared to groups of 3 (2 marks).
11. 5(b) People helped the ill victim faster (on average) (1 mark).
12. 5(b) People were slower to help in groups of 3 (1 mark).
13. 5(c) 2 marks for result with a meaningful comparison.
14. 5(c) 1 mark for partial result / no meaningful comparison.
15. 5(c) e.g., People were more likely to leave the critical area when the victim was black compared to when the victim was white (2 marks).
16. 5(c) People were more likely to leave the critical area when the victim was drunk compared to when the victim was ill (2 marks).
17. 5(c) People were more likely to leave the critical area when help had not been offered within 70s (of collapse) compared to when help had been given (2 marks).
18. 5(c) 34 people left the critical area (1 mark) on 21 (20%) of trials (1 mark).
19. 5(c) People left the critical area less when the victim was white (1 mark).