Hugo is using a questionnaire to find out about people's helping behaviour in the daytime and at night.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Feb/Mar 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] (a) 1 mark for definition of open questions.
2. 1 mark for definition of closed questions.
3. ∞ open questions ask for descriptions/detail;
4. ∞ closed questions ask for answers from specific options;
5. [1] (b) 1 mark for open question.
6. ∞ e.g. 'Describe an example of when you have helped someone and describe the time of day.'
7. ∞ e.g. 'Tell me how confident you would feel helping someone in the daylight or in the dark.'
8. [2] (c) 1 mark for advantage.
9. 2nd mark for linked detail.
10. ∞ detailed responses (are an advantage)
11. ∞ because this would give a better description of how/why people help (in the day/night)
12. ∞ responses are in the participant's own words (which is an advantage)
13. ∞ because this would enable participants to be precise about their helping rather than being limited to the choices in a closed question (which might not represent their actual view/behaviour, lowering validity)
14. [3] (d) 1 mark for identifying problem with validity.
15. 2nd mark for detail.
16. 3rd mark for link.
17. ∞ social desirability
18. ∞ people want to appear more helpful than they really are
19. ∞ so they will exaggerate/lie about how much they help
20. ∞ there may be fewer examples of helping at night
21. ∞ simply because people go out less at night (so have less opportunity to help)
22. ∞ so it will appear that they are less helpful at night
23. ∞ If people suspect that it is a study about helping they might be more/less helpful than normal
24. ∞ as they are responding to demand characteristics