Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritans) used four different model conditions. One of these was 'Critical area – early'.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. 1 mark per correct statement made.
2. The model would stand in the critical area;
3. They would wait until passing the fourth station before helping (the victim);
4. This was approximately 70s after collapse
5. 2 marks for one quantitative result with a comparison
6. 1 mark for one quantitative result without a meaningful comparison
7. e.g.
8. On 5% of trials with a white victim people left the critical area compared to 9% for a black victim (2 marks);
9. Of the spontaneous helpers/first helpers, 90% were male/64% were white (1 mark) ORA
10. In 20% of trials people moved away (from the critical area)/in total 34 people left the area (1 mark) (together = 2 marks)
11. Males helped more than females (1 mark)
12. 'Early' models were more likely to elicit other helpers (n=4) more than 'late' models (n=2) (2 marks)