O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2019 · Q525 Marks

(a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing population distribution in Pakistan.

(a)(i)Name a province that is sparsely populated.[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 5.1, describe the population distribution of Pakistan.[3]
(a)(iii)Suggest three physical factors for the pattern of population distribution shown in Fig. 5.1. 1 2 3[3]
(b)(i)Define ‘rural to urban migration'.[1]
(b)(ii)Using your own knowledge, what is the trend for the percentage share of people living in rural areas? (Circle) the correct answer. increasing decreasing stable[1]
(b)(iii)State three pull factors for people moving to urban areas. 1 2 3[3]
(c)(i)Explain two impacts of large numbers of people moving into urban areas. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c)(ii)Study Figs. 5.2 and 5.3 (Insert), which show two areas of shanty development in Pakistan. Describe three differences between the shanty developments shown in Figs. 5.2 and 5.3. 1 2 3[3]
(d)Evaluate the measures taken to improve the living conditions in shanty developments in urban areas of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] 5(a)(i) Balochistan / Northern areas / Gilgit-Baltistan / FATA / tribal areas. (1 @ 1 mark)
[3] 5(a)(ii) Unevenly spread; Most people in North / North East Punjab / KPK; Densely populated in Punjab / Sindh; Most population in East Pakistan (compared with west); Most / more population centred around cities or named example from map, e.g. Islamabad / Lahore / Hyderabad / Karachi / Quetta; South West / West / North / North East Pakistan has few people / sparsely populated; Balochistan / FATA / Northern KPK / NWFP/ Gilgit-Baltistan / Northern Areas / Jammu and Kashmir are sparsely populated; Etc. (3 @ 1 mark)
[3] 5(a)(iii) Topography / mountainous areas / uneven terrain = fewer people / flat land = more people; Temperature / colder areas have fewer people / hot desert areas = fewer people / moderate or tolerable or favourable temperature = more people; Snow in Northern Areas, fewer people / lack of rainfall, arid, dry = fewer people / moderate rainfall = more people; Soil type / rich fertile soil able to grow crops = more people / dry or sandy soils difficult to grow crops / thin soil difficult to grow crops / farm = fewer people; Near to / adequate water supply / river attracts more people / away from rivers = fewer people; Natural route ways = more people / lack of route ways = fewer people; Vegetation cover = more people / less vegetation cover = fewer people; Availability of raw materials = more people / lack of raw materials = fewer people; Etc. (3 @ 1 mark)
[1] 5(b)(i) Rural to urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside / village to towns / cities. (1 @ 1 mark)
[1] 5(b)(ii) Decreasing (1 @ 1 mark)
[3] 5(b)(iii) Wider variety / higher salary jobs / better working conditions / industrial jobs; Pleasant climatic conditions / not too hot or cold; More / better educational opportunities / more schools / primary, secondary and further education available; More / better healthcare facilities / more doctors / clinics available; More reliable food supply in the cities; Better standard of living / quality of life / modern lifestyle; Better living conditions / better housing / improved sanitation / electricity supply / clean water; More entertainment / recreation / bright lights / glamorous lifestyle / shopping malls / cinema; More / better metalled roads / railways / public transport; Etc. (3 @ 1 mark)
[4] 5(c)(i) Unplanned growth of cities; leads to urban sprawl / growth of shanty towns (dev); More houses needed / crowded housing areas; so people build their own homes / poorly built / development of shanty towns (dev); Pressure on healthcare; more hospital beds / doctors needed, etc. (dev); Pressure on education; large class sizes / half day schooling / insufficient school places (dev); Sanitation / sewage systems overstretched; spread of diseases / raw sewage in streets (dev); Inadequate water supply; people drink polluted water / water shortages / water turned off during certain times of the day (dev); More power needed / electricity needed; power cuts during the day / leads to power theft (dev); More / high / increased unemployment; high competition for jobs / more unskilled or uneducated people / creation of more jobs required / growth of informal sector (dev); Increased traffic; leads to more air pollution / congestion / accidents (dev); Pressure on food supplies; leading to increased prices / poor diet; Etc. (Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Max. 2 marks if no development. (2 @ 2 marks))
[3] 5(c)(ii) Houses are made from bricks (5.3) not material (5.2) / house (5.3) versus tents (5.2); Houses are more permanent (5.3) rather than moveable / tents (5.2); Drainage has been installed (5.3), no evidence of drainage (5.2); Cemented pavements / walkways have been built (5.3) versus mud paths (5.2); A water supply has been added as tanks are visible on roofs (5.3), no obvious water supply (5.2); Electricity / wires / cables / transmission lines have been installed (5.3), not evident in (5.2); The new housing has built doorways and windows (5.3), no doorways or windows in the tents / makeshift houses (5.2); Solid (metal / concrete) roof (5.3) versus canvas roof (5.2); Two storeys (5.3) versus single storey (5.2); Etc. (3 @ 1 mark)
[6] 5(d) Content Guide: Successful because: Many shanty settlements have been improved by the government; Self-help schemes encourage community spirit as people will work together; People take pride in their environment; Clean water prevents spread of diseases; People will be healthier; Better standard of living; Housing is permanent and secure; Have directed where housing can be built; Etc. Less successful because: Not all shanty settlements have been improved / only a few have been improved; Unplanned urban growth / sprawl continues; Some housing is still crowded so disease spreads easily; Rural to urban migration continues; Some housing is cramped / too small for large families; Some people remain living in poverty; Etc.