This question is about the East India Company and its relationship with the subcontinent in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-3] (a) Level 1: One mark for each relevant statement identified from the source, two marks for a developed statement from the source
2. [1] (a) Several were already wounded
3. [1] (a) Conditions in the cell were dirty, would have infected soldiers' wounds
4. [1] (a) Lack of fresh air / suffocation
5. [1] (a) Lack of water / dehydration
6. [1] (a) Trampled to death trying to reach water / fresh air
7. [1] (a) Crushed to death in overcrowded cell
8. [1] (a) Guards showed no interest in prisoners' welfare
9. [0] (a) No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
10. [4-5] (b) Level 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and / or contextual knowledge (Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or more supported valid inferences)
11. [1] (b) Food was being given to a man who looks very weak suggesting that the famine has been going on for a long time.
12. [1] (b) The problem of hunger was widespread because many people of different ages, men, women and children, were affected and were waiting for relief.
13. [1] (b) Famine must have been a serious problem because relief has been organised.
14. [1] (b) People are looking underfed / malnourished and are waiting for the distribution of food which is being given out to these people in the source.
15. [1] (b) The man in the bowler hat is an official observing / involved in or supervising the process, which shows that the British were involved with the distribution of relief.
16. [2-3] (b) Level 2: Unsupported valid inferences (Two marks for one unsupported inference, three marks for two or more unsupported inferences)
17. [1] (b) People looked miserable / very weak
18. [1] (b) It appears a calm / organised operation
19. [1] (b) The famine is causing great suffering / misery / ill health
20. [1] (b) Level 1: Identifies surface features from the source
21. [1] (b) There are thin people
22. [1] (b) A man is being given food
23. [0] (b) No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
24. [5-7] (c) Level 3: Explains reasons (Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven marks for three explanations)
25. [1] (c) Clive persuaded one of the Nawab's key men, Mir Jafar, to side with the British. Jafar's defection weakened the Nawab's army, which Clive was able to use to his advantage.
26. [1] (c) Clive ordered his men to cover their cannon when it rained. So, the dry cannons of Clive's army outfired the Nawab's cannons.
27. [1] (c) Clive was an experienced soldier as he had fought the French in southern India. He was used to the tactics of warfare, this helped to defeat the Nawab.
28. [2-4] (c) Level 2: Identifies reasons (One mark for each identification)
29. [1] (c) Mir Jafar defected.
30. [1] (c) Clive kept his cannons dry
31. [1] (c) Clive was an experienced soldier
32. [1] (c) Level 1: Simple statement (One mark for any simple statement)
33. [1] (c) Clive was a leader
34. [0] (c) No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
35. [10] (d) Level 5: Explains and makes judgement / evaluation (As top of Level 4 plus judgement / evaluation)
36. [6-9] (d) Level 4: Explains WHY the India Act AND other factors were important in the British expanding beyond Bengal between 1784 and 1850 (Two explanations, one on the India Act and one on other factors, are worth six or seven marks. Additional explanations on the same two factors cannot be awarded more than eight marks. Explanation of all factors is worth nine marks)
37. [1] (d) India Act of 1784: This made the position of Governor General a royal appointment. Lord Cornwallis was appointed to this position in 1786.
38. [1] (d) India Act of 1784: A Board of Control replaced the East India Company's Board of Directors, changing it from a trading concern to a sovereign body in which the Crown had direct control of Bengal.
39. [1] (d) India Act of 1784: A police system was developed to help in the administering of justice and maintaining law and order.
40. [1] (d) Other reasons: Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 making zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed sum to the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum collected by the zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the financial interest of the East India Company and helped Bengal to become the wealthiest province in India, allowing the British to extend their control.
41. [1] (d) Other reasons: Local rulers were persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances by Lord Wellesley who became Governor General in 1798. The local ruler continued to run their affairs while British soldiers offered protection. In return for this protection the ruler paid towards the cost of the soldiers and accepted a British resident adviser. This consolidated Britain's power in India at little cost and extended British control.
42. [1] (d) Other reasons: The annexation of land. Hyderabad and Oudh accepted British protection with a subsidiary alliance. Mysore, Oudh, Delhi and the Marathas came under British control by the early nineteenth century, followed shortly afterwards by Sindh and the Punjab.
43. [5-7] (d) Level 3: Explains ONE event (One explanation is worth five marks. Additional explanations on the same factor can be awarded up to seven marks)
44. [3-4] (d) Level 2: Identifies aspects of / describes events (One identification / description is worth three marks. An answer with additional identification / descriptions is worth four marks)
45. [1] (d) Pitt introduced the India Act
46. [1] (d) The British had more weapons
47. [1-2] (d) Level 1: Simple statement(s) (One simple statement is worth one mark. An answer with additional simple statements is worth two marks)
48. [1] (d) It was an Act of Parliament
49. [0] (d) No evidence submitted or response does not address the question