Study Fig. 4, which shows the climate of Sialkot.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [3] (a) (i) Circle on the x-axis A the month when rice would be planted. Any one month from April to June B the months when it would be growing Any 3-5 consecutive months between May and September C the month when it would be harvested September or October
2. [4] (ii) Explain how canal irrigation is used and controlled to grow rice. from river / reservoir / dam / barrage / another canal closed or opened (by sluice or gate) field flooded in preparation / for nursery beds / before transplanting kept flooded during growth to a depth of about 30–37 cm / 12-15 inches drained before harvest
3. [1] (b) (i) What was the production in 2008? 21 million tonnes / 21 000 000 tonnes
4. [2] (ii) Compare this to the production of wheat in the years from 1999 to 2007. higher than in 1999 / 2001/02/03/04 but not as high as 2005 / 2007 same as 2000 / 2006
5. [4] (iii) Explain the reasons for the changes in production over these years. Rainfall variability / drought floods / storm damage poor irrigation temperature pest attack capital / loans / profit from previous year family sickness security / theft wheat price reasons for overall increase e.g. HYV, better / more fertiliser, mechanisation, training, population increase
6. [6] (c) To what extent is it possible to increase agricultural production by the use of modern methods? Possibilities (res. 2) More growth with fertilisers Less damage with pesticides More yield with better seed / HYVs /GM crops HYVs / GM pest resistant Benefits of machines (max. 2) named modern irrigation method (max 2) Treatment of waterlogging and salinity e.g. with tubewells Crop rotation to improve fertility eg. growing pulses, fallow Training and education Problems (may be environmental or economic) (res. 2) Lack of literacy / education Means less training Lack of money to invest Traditional farming methods Over-use of irrigation water causes waterlogging / salinity Small / fragmented farms Causes and effects of pollution Build up of resistance to pests High cost of fertiliser, machinery etc. Water pollution from runoff with fertiliser / pesticide May be unsustainable N.B. Credit other reasonable ideas
7. [1] (d) (i) What is the percentage of goods carried by rail? 4, 5, 6 or 7
8. [4] (ii) Compare the advantages of transporting goods by road and rail. All answers must be comparative. Road Door-to-door / goes everywhere Reaches all areas / remote areas / more roads Available to all / no special vehicles More modern / better maintained Better for short distances / local deliveries Cheaper because Faster because Rail Only goes to stations Limited network Cheaper because Faster because Carries more bulky / larger / heavier loads Old infrastructure / equipment Better for long distances