Study Fig. 7, which shows the amount of oil produced in Pakistan and the amount of oil imported, for selected years. [Figure 7]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Morgah/Rawalpindi - close to oilfields (in Potwar Plateau);
2. [1] Central Punjab – close to oilfield;
3. [1] Karachi/Korangi – near oil terminals/close to oilfield/port;
4. [1] Mahmood Kot/Muzaffargarh – terminus of crude oil pipeline from Karachi.
5. Note: No credit for reason only
6. [1] Bar correctly drawn on Fig. 4
7. Note: Tolerance: imported 180–190, produced 55–65.
8. [1] The amount of oil imported increased/higher/rose/figures from 150 to 370-380;
9. [1] The amount of oil produced decreased/fallen/figures from 60–70 to 55–65/almost constant/stayed the same;
10. [1] The total amount of oil increased/overall it went from 210-220 to 430-440.
11. Note: a tolerance of ± 5% allowed except at 150 value.
12. [1] Small reserves/potential oilfields not explored/small amount produced;
13. [1] Lack of government investment/funding for further exploration/lack of money for developing oil fields/ exploration/expensive equipment;
14. [1] Lack of technology/expertise for extraction/exploration/ lack of skilled labour;
15. [1] (Large/increasing demand for) oil for vehicles/transport;
16. [1] Heating/domestic use/cooking;
17. [1] Electricity generation/electricity;
18. [1] Manufacturing/manufactured products;
19. [1] Cannot exploit/explore reserves due to tribal opposition/ insurgency;
20. [1] Due to population growth.
21. [1] Positive correlation/as population increases, electricity production increases/both increasing/population is always higher/more than electricity production (or vice versa);
22. [1] Population increases: electricity production remains same/very slightly increases/population kept increasing/ electricity did not have much change.
23. [1] Population increasing (greater need/greater use of electricity in homes/businesses) (named example of new technology in home/business)/(new towns have to be built because growing population puts a burden on electricity);
24. [1] Increased affluence for some (enables more electrical appliances in the home or named examples/items are becoming more affordable);
25. [1] Little new investment in new power stations (foreign investors less willing to invest due to political instability) (other government priorities such as healthcare/education/housing/transport/alleviating poverty);
26. [1] Pakistan has small/inaccessible/depleting fossil fuel reserves (fossil fuels expensive to extract/poor quality/ have to import);
27. [1] Renewable energy plants expensive to construct;
28. [1] Power losses due to old/long transmission lines;
29. [1] Power theft (people diverting existing power sources for their own use);
30. [1] Most people live in rural areas (electricity does not reach there/lack of infrastructure/power lines);
31. [1] Many power plants are not working to full capacity (as a result of siltation in dams and reservoirs)/(they are still under construction);
32. [1] Power breaks down (lack of expertise to handle it)/(due to old machinery);
33. [1] More rural to urban migration (means demand cannot be fulfilled);
34. [1] Seasonal variations (less HEP generation in winter as less rainfall/snowmelt at times of peak demand).
35. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
36. Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
37. [3] Rectangular, solar panels are made up of many solar cells which convert the light energy from the sun into electrical energy. They can be placed on the roofs of houses and other buildings. Large arrays of solar panels can be sited on the ground, for example in deserts. Solar panels should face south in order to collect as much of the sun's energy as possible. Other solar power systems use the sun to heat water and the steam is then used to turn a turbine. 5 or 6 3 marks 3 or 4 2 marks 1 or 2@1 mark
38. [1] Expensive technology/expensive investment for government;
39. [1] Small scale/only generates small amounts of electricity;
40. [1] Only at coastal sites;
41. [1] Hazardous to marine life/damages habitats;
42. [1] Disruption to shipping/fishing areas;
43. [1] Difficult to set up/inadequate technology;
44. [1] Not enough output to meet demand;
45. [1] Can be damaged or disrupted by cyclones or tsunamis;
46. [1] Shortage of expertise/knowledge/skills to set up.
47. Levels marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing any view (1). Simple points addressing any view (2). Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3). Developed point(s) explaining both views (4). No evaluation. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view or a named example (5). Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view and a named example (6).
48. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: For large-scale ∞ Funding available from China ∞ Provide very large amounts of power from small amount of uranium ∞ Large coal reserves Against large-scale ∞ Large sums of money/loans needed ∞ Problems with disposing of/reprocessing/storing waste ∞ Danger of insurgency threat/accident ∞ Danger of flooding ∞ Oil expensive to import ∞ Coal extracted in Pakistan is poor quality for power generation ∞ Large coal reserves not exploited ∞ Fossil fuel reserves are depleting ∞ Political issues between provinces with the construction of multi-purpose dams over division of water For small-scale ∞ Lower cost to maintain ∞ Renewable resources do not deplete ∞ Renewable resources do not pollute the environment ∞ Biogas - cheap source of energy ∞ Wind - available land in Balochistan highlands ∞ Solar - many parts of Pakistan experience 250–300 sunny days per year Against small-scale ∞ Do not contribute/only small amount to national grid ∞ Renewables only generate small amount of energy ∞ Wind/solar have high construction cost ∞ Wind is considered unsightly/harms wildlife ∞ Not constantly producing energy ∞ Biogas decreases availability of manure for organic fertiliser ETC.