Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's health reforms of 1972.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] (a) Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto introduced a health scheme in 1972 in which Rural Health Centres and Basic Health Units in urban areas were to provide widespread healthcare. It expected to set up 1 Rural Health Centre for every 60000 people and 1 Basic Health Unit for every 20000 people. Training colleges for doctors and nurses were expected to admit students on merit and on qualification (after first year) they could be placed anywhere by the government. The sale of branded medicines was banned in an attempt to reduce the cost of these and could be purchased without prescription. However, the reforms were expensive and there was a shortage of doctors and nurses. International drug companies closed down their operations in Pakistan due to a lack of profits from unbranded medicines.
2. [1] (b) LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Law and order broke down
3. [2-4] (b) LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons There was an increase in violence and drug trading.
4. [5-7] (b) LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Zia-ul-Haq found difficulty in managing the breakdown of law and order. Violence grew throughout the country with killings commonplace in cities such as Karachi. Drug trafficking grew and there was an increase in levels of corruption in society. The provinces became more difficult to administer. Sindh had regular outbreaks of violence and there was a movement to break away from Pakistan. The NWFP was also becoming more critical of the government. The explosion at the arms dump at Camp Ojhri in 1988 led to Prime Minister Junejo setting up an inquiry. Zia-ul-Haq could not tolerate this, so dismissed him and dissolved the National Assembly. This led to a political crisis for Zia-ul-Haq.
5. [1-2] (c) LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement There were many reasons.
6. [3-6] (c) LEVEL 2: Identifies/describes the reasons for his downfall The government mismanaged the economy and was accused of corruption.
7. [7-10] (c) LEVEL 3: Explains the Co-operative Societies Scandal OR other reasons
8. [9-13] (c) LEVEL 4: Explains the Co-operative Societies Scandal AND other reasons Cooperative Societies scandal Mismanagement of the Societies led to loss of savings by millions of people. Many of the Societies had granted huge loans to the Ittefaq Group this damaged Nawaz Sharif's reputation. Kalashnikov culture There was easy availability of guns. There was crime, terrorism, kidnappings and murder. There were issues associated with refugees from the Soviet-Afghan war. Drug addiction increased. Economic measures Nawaz Sharif increased investment to provide jobs but few loans were repaid. US aid ceased at the end of the Soviet-Afghan war. BCCI scandal The collapse of BCCI bank in 1991 due to concerns about the bank's lending practices. Investors lost huge sums of money. Shariat Bill There was some opposition to the increased role of religion in government. Relations with President Nawaz Sharif disagreed with the President over the appointment of a new army chief of staff and Eighth Amendment.
9. [14] (c) LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation