What was SEATO?

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] 1955 South East Asia Treaty Organisation.
2. [1-4] Also included USA and Britain.
3. [1-4] Sometimes called Manila Pact in Pakistan.
4. [1-4] Joined in 1955. Withdrew in 1972.
5. [1-4] Aimed to resist Communist expansion.
6. [1-4] Pakistan surprised other Muslim countries by being so closely allied with USA.
7. [5-7] US diplomats expressed concern that Pakistan may have nuclear weapons, and would not give aid to Pakistan, stating Pakistan was in contravention of the 1985 Pressler Amendment. The USA had promised $4 million in an economic package to help Pakistan to refurbish their military forces.
8. [5-7] The reduction in aid seriously affected Pakistan. In particular, the delivery of 28 F-16 fighter jets in which weakened Pakistan's relationship with USA.
9. [5-7] The Pakistan government expressed concerns about the status of India as a nuclear power.
10. [7-10] Successful: During Zahir Shah's time in office relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan were friendly and during the 1965 War remained neutral despite pressure from other powers.
11. [7-10] Successful: There were good relations when an Islamic foreign policy was introduced, leading to visits between both countries by Bhutto and later Zia-ul-Haq and Daud in 1970's.
12. [7-10] Successful: There was humane treatment in Pakistan of Afghan refugees following outbreak of Afghan–Russian War.
13. [7-10] Less successful: Afghanistan had territorial claims to part of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) following establishment of Pakistan in 1947.
14. [7-10] Less successful: Afghanistan voted against Pakistan joining UN in 1947.
15. [7-10] Less successful: Afghanistan did not always adhere to a trade agreement with Pakistan; Diplomatic relations between the two countries were withdrawn in 1955 but later renewed.
16. [7-10] Less successful: During the Afghan–Russian War, planes entered Pakistani airspace and some of the Pakistani frontier areas were bombed.
17. [7-10] Less successful: After the war, law and order was hard to restore in Afghanistan; problems spread into the border region relating to drugs, armed robberies, kidnappings and gun battles between rival gangs.
18. [7-10] Less successful: There was an increase in Islamic militancy following support given to the Taliban in Afghanistan.