O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe history and culture of PakistanOct/Nov 2018 · Q125 Marks

Section A Answer Question 1. This question is about the Pakistan Movement between 1909 and 1919. Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.

(a)According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the introduction of the Defence of India Act in 1915?[3]
(b)How does Source B help us to understand what happened at Jallianwala Bagh in 1919?[5]
(c)Why was India not granted self-rule by Britain in 1919?[7]
(d)Which of the following had the most important effect on the Pakistan Movement between 1909 and 1919? (i) the Morley-Minto reforms, 1909 (ii) the reversal of the Partition of Bengal, 1911 (iii) the Lucknow Pact, 1916 Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.[10]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] To secure safety of population.
[1] To uphold the law.
[1] To punish violations of the law.
[1] Defence of British Empire in India.
[1] To deter plots / conspiracies against British government.
[3] The presence of thousands of people and a narrow entrance as shown in Source B would have caused panic and a rush to escape when Dyer's troops opened fire, trapping people.
[2] The high walls and narrow alleyway depicted in Source B would have exacerbated the situation, leading to a crush, stampede, and numerous fatalities.
[3] Britain was economically weakened after WW1 and viewed India as the 'jewel of the Empire', making them reluctant to grant independence and lose its resources.
[2] Granting self-rule would have diminished Britain's standing as a world power and its strategic influence in the region, particularly for its naval interests.
[2] The British government was unwilling to abandon the thousands of British businessmen, missionaries, and civil servants residing in India.
[3] The Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) were significant as they established enlarged Indian Councils and, critically for the Pakistan Movement, formally recognised the Muslim community's right to a separate electorate, affirming their distinct political identity.
[3] The reversal of the Partition of Bengal (1911) was seen as a profound betrayal by Muslims. This event solidified their conviction that they could not rely on either Congress or the British, boosting the Muslim League's importance.
[3] The Lucknow Pact (1916) marked an agreement between Muslims and Hindus, presenting unified political demands to the British. Crucially, it was the first time the Hindu community acknowledged the Muslim right to a separate electorate, offering hope for future cooperation.
[1] A reasoned judgment on which of the three events had the most important effect on the Pakistan Movement between 1909 and 1919.