Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of the urban area of Islamabad. Describe three features of the residential area in this photograph.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Irregular pattern / arrangement;
2. [1] Crowded / closely built / high density;
3. [1] No open space / garden / small yards;
4. [1] Two storey / single storey / low buildings / houses;
5. [1] Small buildings / houses;
6. [1] Flat roofs;
7. [1] Brick built;
8. [1] Water containers on roofs;
9. [1] Power cables / transmission lines / telephone lines;
10. [1] Not glass windows / not many windows;
11. [1] Lack of vegetation;
12. [1] Narrow roads / pavements.
13. [1] Considered a temporary living area;
14. [1] To be closer to work / to find work / more jobs available / high wages;
15. [1] To be closer to shops / entertainment / bright lights;
16. [1] To move in with relatives;
17. [1] Cannot afford higher quality housing / low rent or cheaper housing / low land tax;
18. [1] Lack / shortage of higher quality housing provision by authorities;
19. [1] Better housing than in squatter settlements / katchi abadis;
20. [1] Close to / improved transport links;
21. [1] Close to / improved education facilities;
22. [1] Close to / improved medical facilities;
23. [1] Close to services, e.g. electricity, water, gas, sewage, etc.
24. [1] Pests / crop disease;
25. [1] Storms / floods / heavy rain / frost / drought;
26. [1] Overcultivation / overgrazing;
27. [1] Waterlogging and salinity;
28. [1] Desertification / soil erosion / infertile soil;
29. [1] Inheritance laws / farm / plot size too small;
30. [1] Cannot afford named agricultural input, e.g. seeds;
31. [1] Mismanagement / neglect / landlords lack incentive;
32. [1] Increasing population growth / high population;
33. [1] Lack of education – farming methods / farming practices / traditional methods;
34. [1] Lack of irrigation.
35. [1] Increase production of fodder crops;
36. [1] Provide more land for grazing;
37. [1] Improve feed / better food / healthy food / hygienic food;
38. [1] Improve veterinary facilities / number of vets;
39. [1] Vaccinations / vitamins / medicines / treatment;
40. [1] Provide shelter from elements / weather in winter / living in hygienic conditions;
41. [1] Government support / agricultural development funds / loans;
42. [1] Education for farmers on animal health/husbandry / disease prevention / selective breeding / cross breeding;
43. [1] Investment from multinational companies in poultry / milk processing;
44. [1] Introduction of machines, e.g. milking machines.
45. [1] 9.5/000 / 9.5 per 000 – UNIT required (allow 9.3-9.5)
46. [1] Decreased / fallen / lowered / gone down / declined
47. [1] Better / more healthcare / medicines / clinics;
48. [1] More / better trained doctors / nurses / midwives;
49. [1] More widespread vaccinations / prevention of named diseases, e.g. malaria, cholera, typhoid;
50. [1] Improved hygiene / access to clean drinking water / sewage;
51. [1] Improvement in food production / supply;
52. [1] Better education or advice on what to eat / improved diet / healthy lifestyles / stopping smoking / more exercise.
53. [4] Population increases (pressure on named resource / increased crime / qualified pollution / specified congestion);
54. [4] More elderly to share experience / give advice / training (and so improve skills of working population);
55. [4] More elderly to offer family support (allowing more parents to work);
56. [4] Decreased infant mortality (pressure on healthcare / education);
57. [4] More people to contribute to labour force / more economically active (improves family income / greater productivity);
58. [4] Strain on families to support elderly; more dependents / higher dependency ratio (meaning more people who have to be supported by smaller share of working population / who do not contribute to the economy / financial burden);
59. [4] Strain on government / local authorities (to provide named services such as pensions / homes for elderly / healthcare / schools);
60. [4] High cost of supporting elderly (causing taxes to be raised / longer working hours for wage earners / increase in pension age);
61. [4] More people of working age (more competition for jobs / increased unemployment / increased crime).
62. [6] Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to:
63. [6] View A For: Self-help schemes;
64. [6] View A For: Schemes to renovate houses;
65. [6] View A For: Loans to build own housing;
66. [6] View A For: Projects to build permanent housing / new low-cost housing;
67. [6] View A For: Infrastructural development;
68. [6] View A For: Successful examples in Pakistan (e.g. Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi).
69. [6] View A Against: High cost of building materials / construction;
70. [6] View A Against: Huge size of the problem – some slums are very large / makes projects very costly / long term;
71. [6] View A Against: May attract more rural migrants;
72. [6] View A Against: Local / community resistance to change.
73. [6] View B For: Rural electrification / transmission lines;
74. [6] View B For: Other named infrastructure improvements, e.g. sewerage, roads;
75. [6] View B For: Build new settlements along roads;
76. [6] View B For: Schemes to support agriculture / cottage industries;
77. [6] View B For: Schemes to provide services - healthcare / education.
78. [6] View B Against: Pull factors of urban areas too great to prevent migration from rural areas;
79. [6] View B Against: Push factors of rural areas more large-scale / widespread;
80. [6] View B Against: Control of landlords / loss of land;
81. [6] View B Against: Remoteness of rural areas makes it difficult to improve.