What happened at Pucca Qila?

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) May 1990, in Hyderabad, supporters of Muhajir Quami Movement (MQM) killed by police
2. [1] (a) Including women and children who held copies of the Quran over their heads as they faced the police
3. [1] (a) The violence led to the President (Ghulam Ishaq Khan) dismissing the government in August 1990
4. [7] (b) In 1947, violence between Hindus and Muslims increased dramatically. Many Muslims in India feared being killed crossing into Pakistan to seek shelter, often with few or no possessions.
5. [7] (b) Partition left people of different religions in the country they felt would not support their freedoms.
6. [7] (b) The Boundary Award increased the problems between Pakistan and India.
7. [7] (b) Many Muslims were forced across the border making it difficult for the new Pakistan government to manage such a large number of refugees.
8. [7] (b) Pakistan was a new country and lack of resources meant it struggled to cope.
9. [7] (b) Hindus and Sikhs, perhaps fearful of reprisals and with a genuine desire to live in a Hindu nation, also contributed to the refugee problem by crossing from Pakistan to India.
10. [14] (c) Successful: In 1961, Pakistan accepted Soviet assistance in oil and mineral exploration and as a result relations between the two countries were enhanced and cooperation between them developed.
11. [14] (c) Successful: Ayub Khan's visit to USSR in 1965 improved the understanding and relationship between the two nations.
12. [14] (c) Successful: Close relations between Pakistan and the USSR aided the mediation of peace between India and Pakistan by the Soviet Prime Minister Alexi Kosygin at the Tashkent Conference in 1966.
13. [14] (c) Less successful: From 1947 onwards, the USSR increasingly began to support India over Kashmir which led to tensions between the two countries.
14. [14] (c) Less successful: Pakistan involvement in USA-Chinese diplomatic ties in 1971 led to greater pro-Indian support by the USSR.
15. [14] (c) Less successful: Pakistan support for Afghanistan in its war with the USSR in 1979 slowed the growth of economic and cultural ties with the USSR affecting Pakistan's economy.
16. [14] (c) Judgement/evaluation: For Level 5, an evaluative conclusion on 'to what extent' the relationship was successful, weighing positive against negative aspects.