Study Fig. 3 which is a map showing the locations where three different non-metallic minerals are extracted in Pakistan. [Figure 3]. Study Photograph C (Insert). Read the following article: Pakistan produces many goods that could be exported in greater quantities. For a variety of reasons the amount of exports remains low: in 2013 the value of exports was only 13% of GDP.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] (i) Location: NW - rocksalt / limestone / gypsum
2. [4] (i) Location: Central - limestone / gypsum
3. [4] (i) Location: S - limestone
4. [4] (i) Mark any two correct
5. [4] (i) Uses: Rocksalt: cooking / preservation / soda (used in laundries / textiles / tanning) flavouring food
6. [4] (i) Uses: Gypsum: paints / fertilisers / boards / cement / to treat saline soil / plaster of paris
7. [4] (i) Uses: Limestone: for building / cement / bleach / glass / soap / paints / to treat saline soil / bleaching powder / paper
8. [3] (ii) Heavy / bulky commodities
9. [3] (ii) Expensive to transport
10. [3] (ii) Roads and railways from mining areas poorly developed / or not connected
11. [3] (ii) Mostly extracted far inland / away from ports / Karachi / distance from markets / takes a long time / remoteness
12. [3] (ii) Mountainous / rugged terrain
13. [3] (ii) Theft
14. [3] (ii) Inappropriate / inadequate vehicles to transport minerals
15. [1] (b)(i) Goat (only)
16. [3] (b)(ii) Goatskin / leather products
17. [3] (b)(ii) Meat / food
18. [3] (b)(ii) Dairy products e.g. milk, yoghurt, cheese,
19. [3] (b)(ii) Can survive in rugged areas / sparse grazing / costs little or nothing to feed / do not need much looking after / move goats around easily
20. [3] (b)(ii) Dung as manure / fuel
21. [3] (b)(ii) Source of income
22. [3] (b)(ii) Wool
23. [2] (iii) Overgrazing / too many livestock animals in too small an area / livestock not moved to different pastures / land becomes more marginal
24. [2] (iii) Soil erosion / desertification / land becoming barren
25. [2] (iii) Damage to young trees / deforestation
26. [2] (i) Linen / textiles / clothing / men's suits / bed linen
27. [2] (i) Raw cotton / cotton yarn / cotton products
28. [2] (i) Carpets / tents /rugs
29. [2] (i) Rice
30. [2] (i) Refined petroleum / oil
31. [2] (i) Cement
32. [2] (i) Leather / leather products / named leather product e.g. shoes
33. [2] (i) Sports goods
34. [2] (i) Surgical instruments
35. [2] (i) Chemicals
36. [4] (ii) Challenging to compete with foreign / larger companies / producers (accept an example, e.g. Egypt - textiles)
37. [4] (ii) Quality of items (lack of access to / high cost of raw materials / machinery)
38. [4] (ii) Child labour causes barriers to trade (e.g. EU)
39. [4] (ii) Limited management expertise in the export industry
40. [4] (ii) Other countries have trade barriers / tariffs / quotas / restrictions (to protect their own industries / markets)
41. [4] (ii) Relations with some other countries restricts trade
42. [4] (ii) Pakistan government may have trade barriers with other countries (e.g. China – on cheap imported goods)
43. Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)
44. L3 5-6 marks: 6 Developed points addressing both views and the importance of reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. Evaluation gives clear support to one view
45. L3 5- Developed points addressing both views and the importance of reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. No evaluation
46. L2 3-4 marks: 4 Two developed point(s) addressing any view
47. L2 3 Developed point addressing any view
48. L1 1-2 marks: 2 Two simple point(s) addressing any view
49. L1 1 Simple point addressing one view
50. 0 - No valid response
51. Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)
52. Chemical fertilisers: Modern factories (e.g. Enven-Engro in Daharki, Sindh) are energy efficient / environmentally compliant
53. Chemical fertilisers: Cow dung is in insufficient amounts / used as a fuel in rural areas
54. Chemical fertilisers: Pakistan has large supplies of natural gas (the main raw material for fertiliser) (at Sui)
55. Natural alternatives: Fertiliser factories use large amounts of fuel (especially natural gas)
56. Natural alternatives: Ample source of manure from large livestock sector
57. Natural alternatives: Ample source of compost from agricultural waste
58. Natural alternatives: Alternative methods of improving soil quality are possible (crop rotation / nitrogen-fixing plants / beans / legumes / avoiding overcropping / multi-cropping)
59. Importance: The cost of imports (trade / balance of payments deficit / imports>exports) (fertilisers one of top 5 imports / 2% imports)
60. Importance: Chemical fertilisers cause water pollution (agricultural runoff containing chemicals goes into streams / rivers / causes eutrophication)