Describe General Pervez Musharraf's rise to power in 1999.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to the following:
2. [1] Nawaz Sharif tried to blame the Kashmir retreat on Pervez Musharraf but this was not accepted.
3. [1] Nawaz Sharif tried unsuccessfully to replace him as the chief of army when he was visiting Sri Lanka.
4. [1] Nawaz Sharif would not give permission for his plane to land in Pakistan.
5. [1] Pervez Musharraf's army staff overthrew Nawaz Sharif, allowing his plane to land.
6. [1] He then put Pakistan under military rule.
7. [1] It was a bloodless coup which allowed life to go on as normal.
8. LEVEL 1: [1] Simple statement
9. [1] Pakistan had been only recently established.
10. LEVEL 2: [2-4] Identifies reasons
11. [2-4] Jinnah had died and there were major problems in running the new country. Politicians were inexperienced.
12. LEVEL 3: [5-7] Explains reasons
13. [1] Jinnah had died in 1948 and Khan Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951.
14. [1] The country was struggling to establish itself without these two figures.
15. [1] The problems of running a new country were very difficult to overcome and joint assets had not been shared.
16. [1] There was a lack of stability which led to many different governments being formed during these years.
17. [1] In 1953 Nazimuddin's government was dismissed and replaced with Bogra who lacked experience.
18. [1] An example was in the passing of the amendment to Government of India Act in 1954 while Ghulam Muhammad was abroad to limit his powers causing a crisis. When he returned he dissolved the Assembly and declared a state of emergency stating that Bogra had lost the confidence of the people.
19. [1] This was challenged in court but Ghulam Muhammad prevailed.
20. [1] The One Unit Policy was also unpopular, causing unrest.
21. LEVEL 1: [1-2] Simple statement
22. [1-2] Both countries have been members of CENTO and SEATO as well as the UN
23. LEVEL 2: [3-6] Identifies/describes successes
24. LEVEL 3: [7-10] Explains the successes OR less success
25. LEVEL 4: [9-13] Explains the successes AND less success
26. Success
27. [1] British personnel remained in Pakistan post 1947
28. [1] Britain helped to broker a peace deal in 1965
29. [1] Margaret Thatcher visited in 1981
30. [1] £46m aid for Afghan refugees in Pakistan, an important trading partner
31. [1] Commonwealth member until 1971, aid given to Pakistan by other Commonwealth countries
32. [1] Britain supported Pakistan's support of Afghanistan during conflict with Russia and gave £30m aid in support of Afghan refugees in Pakistan
33. [1] By 1986, there was some £376m worth of trade between Pakistan and the UK Pakistan re-joined the Commonwealth in 1989.
34. Less success
35. [1] Britain refused to interfere in Kashmir problem
36. [1] Pakistan criticism over Suez crisis
37. [1] Britain abstained at United Nations over Bangladesh issues
38. [1] Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1971
39. [1] Pakistan was suspended from the Commonwealth in 1999 due to the military coup.
40. LEVEL 5: [14] As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation