Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). In December 1971, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became President with an overwhelming majority in the National Assembly. However, India had just defeated Pakistan and East Pakistan had gained independence, so the morale of Pakistan was low. One highlight, however, came in the Simla Agreement.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: 1972 (2 July), Bhutto signed Simla Agreement with Indira Gandhi of India. She agreed to return prisoners of war in a return for a promise from Pakistan that the Kashmir problem would be discussed with India and not with others e.g. UN. Increased his popularity in Pakistan, international reputation enhanced, not given up on Kashmir
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer Refugees wanted to live in Pakistan
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons Muslims were being massacred by the Hindus and Sikhs.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons During 1947, violence between Hindus and Muslims increased dramatically. Muslims fearful of being killed were forced to leave all their possessions and cross into Pakistan to seek shelter. The Boundary Award had made the problems worse between the two. Since Pakistan had become independent so Muslims were leaving India for their homeland, often with little or no possessions. It was argued that India deliberately made difficulties for the new Pakistani government by forcing Muslims across the border. Hindus and Sikhs, perhaps fearful of reprisals and a genuine desire to live in a Hindu nation also contributed to the refugee problem by crossing from Pakistan to India.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement They were all leaders of Pakistan and were therefore all important
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Describes contributions of Liaquat Ali Khan and/or others Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951. Malik Ghulam Muhammad was the 3rd Governor General of Pakistan and Iskander Mirza was responsible for the 1956 Constitution
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains the contribution of one statesman
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains the contribution of at least two statesmen. All 3 for max marks Liaquat Ali Khan made the first move towards constitutional development with his Objectives Resolution in 1949. This focussed on the principles of Islam and human rights. It was designed to deflect criticism from religious leaders who said the new state was not Islamic enough. This was then followed by the drafting of a constitution, which attracted much criticism as it was seen by many as being insufficiently Islamic. He also managed to keep the economy going and produced surplus budgets for the new state. Malik Ghulam Muhammad as Governor General was responsible for the 6 Year Plan for Pakistan that covered agriculture, power, industry and transport. It played an important part in bringing about economic development in Pakistan. However there were severe problems in Pakistan that hampered development at this time such as food shortages and a drought. Rioting followed and the government found difficulty in dealing with these matters and resulted in many changes in personnel. Little constitutional development could take place because of these problems. Malik Ghulam Muhammad resigned in 1955 due to ill health. Iskander Mirza became Governor General and introduced the new Constitution in 1956, under which he was able to become President. However its introduction was short lived as he scrapped it in 1958 and declared Martial Law. He did introduce the One Unit policy in 1955 which he claimed would bring about greater efficiency and development in West Pakistan. In introducing this policy he prevented East Pakistan gaining a majority in the Assembly. His rule became increasingly unpopular and lost the support of many leading politicians despite declaring Martial Law and having appointed Ayub Khan as PM in 1958, he was forced to resign by Ayub Khan.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.