O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2024 · Q225 Marks

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the River Swat and its floodplain.

(a)(i)Using Fig. 2.1 only, identify two natural features of the floodplain. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................[2]
(a)(ii)Floodplains can be used for transport and communications. State three other uses of floodplains in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(a)(iii)Describe how flooding in Pakistan can impact transport and communications.[2]
(b)(i)Complete Fig. 2.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage use of total water consumed in Pakistan. Use the information in the table and the key. use | percentage (%) of total water consumption agriculture | 91% manufacturing | 5%[2]
(b)(ii)Using Fig. 2.2, calculate the difference between the percentage of water used in agriculture and the percentage of water used in households. ......................................................................................................................... %[1]
(b)(iii)Describe how rivers and streams may become polluted.[3]
(b)(iv)State two strategies used to reduce the pollution of rivers and streams in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c)Explain two ways that water supply issues could lead to conflict. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................[4]
(d)Evaluate the extent to which investment in a clean water supply is important for Pakistan's sustainable development. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] low (lying)
[1] flat/plain
[1] wide floodplain/wide river/channel
[1] fertile soils/silt/alluvium
[1] active/old floodplain/khaddar/bhangar
[1] levees
[1] braided (channel)/tributaries/confluence
[1] meanders/river bends
[1] islands/eyots/sand banks
[1] piedmont plains/alluvial terraces/cuestas
[1] doab
[1] agriculture/farming (crops/livestock/named livestock/crops)
[1] fishing/fish farms
[1] building settlements/housing
[1] location for manufacturing (industry)/factories/named example of industry
[1] power stations
[1] flood protection
[1] forestry
[1] nature conservation
[1] tourism/scenic beauty/recreation
[1] water supply for drinking/for industrial use/for irrigation/for livestock
[1] dams/barrages/reservoirs can be built
[1] roads/railways damaged/blocked/destroyed
[1] bridges damaged/impassable
[1] people have to travel by boat
[1] vehicles can't be used/people trapped at home/deliveries can't be made/delays caused to travel/traffic congestion
[1] telephone wires/no internet/communication masts disrupted/damaged/not working
[1] power cuts/load shedding/can't charge devices
[1] cannot contact people/employers/customers/services
[1] repairs can take a long time
[1] repairs are expensive
[1] repairs require skilled labour
[1] Accurate completion of agriculture dividing line at 91%
[1] Accurate completion of shading for agriculture (diagonal lines in the correct direction)
[1] Accurate completion of manufacturing (shaded/solid colour)
[1] 87 (%)
[1] industries/factories may release waste/oil/chemicals (into rivers/streams)
[1] power stations release waste/(hot) water which contains toxic metals/ash/pollutants (into rivers)
[1] mining causes dust (settles in rivers/waste can be disposed/seep into water bodies)
[1] farming uses fertilisers/pesticides/slurry (which can seep into water sources)
[1] boats can have oil/fuel spills (which pollute river water)
[1] sewage is dumped in rivers/lack of maintenance to/poor quality/leaking sewage pipes (pollute waterways)
[1] waste/litter going into streams from settlements/homes/by individuals
[1] (stricter/increased/enforced) regulations on treatment of waste before dumping/official disposal methods/laws/ checks on boats/industries/ imposing fines
[1] reduced/more controlled use/bans on pesticides/fertilisers
[1] increased use of organic products (e.g. fertilisers)
[1] drainage and sewers in settlements can be improved
[1] water/sewage treatment plants invested in/all sewage treated
[1] education/raising awareness/adverts/posters
[1] afforestation/trees planted (to reduce siltation)
[1] cleaning up already polluted rivers/streams
[1] more official waste disposal sites (e.g. landfill sites)/litter bins/more regular rubbish collection/increased recycling
[2] uneven supply of water to provinces along a river; water supply can be restricted by dams/can cause flooding/drought downstream
[2] conflicts over dam/reservoir construction/building/location; the Kalabagh/Diamer Bhasha dams are under construction causing disputes over finance/water share/dams cause flooding of areas/some people to be displaced
[2] conflicts between farmers who must share water/irrigation systems; in Karez systems, water is divided/farmers may compete for water/may not be enough water for all/some steal/take too much water from canals
[2] conflicts in industry competing demand for clean water; particularly in times of drought/issues of pollution caused by industries upstream
[2] conflicts in urban areas due to shortage/high demand for water; people may demonstrate/protest to authorities about lack of water/many dwellings may share a water supply/may not be enough to go around
[2] over burden on water supply in a new area/in urban areas; lack of water can cause migration from rural areas/to an area with supply
[2] conflict between sectors of industry/villages vs manufacturing/industries vs domestic needs; users feel they are getting an unfair proportion of supply
[2] international tensions/between countries that share a river; the Indus Water Treaty regulates share of water between Pakistan and India/inability of countries further from the source of a river to control the flow
[6] Level 1: Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2)
[6] Level 2: Developed point referring to one view only (3) Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
[6] Level 3: Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)