O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2024 · Q125 Marks

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing limestone deposits in southern and western Pakistan.

(a)(i)Name the province-level area labelled X on Fig. 1.1. X ........................................................................................................................................[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the distribution of limestone deposits in southern and western Pakistan.[3]
(a)(iii)Name three metallic mineral resources extracted in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of an area in south-western Pakistan. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two natural features of the landscape shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b)(ii)Describe three environmental impacts of mineral extraction. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(c)(i)State one use of coal in Pakistan.[1]
(c)(ii)Complete the statements about how coal and natural gas are obtained. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided. Coal is extracted by .......................................................................................................... Natural gas is extracted by ................................................................................................... burning deforestation dredging drilling mining pipelines[2]
(c)(iii)Explain two challenges of providing natural gas to some areas of Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................[4]
(d)Read the following two views about mineral resources and economic development in Pakistan: A Exploiting mineral resources in Pakistan is the best way to support economic development. B Importing mineral resources to Pakistan is the best way to support economic development. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] X: Balochistan
[1] majority located in Province X/more in X than in W/Y/Z
[1] scattered/uneven/widespread/present in all provinces/areas (on the map)
[1] (mainly) in central Pakistan
[1] more/most in the west/more in the west than in the south
[1] cluster/many around/near Quetta
[1] south/east/north-east of Quetta/accurate number of deposits within accurate measured distance from Quetta
[1] north/north-east of Karachi/accurate number of deposits within accurate measured distance from Karachi
[1] linear pattern/line (between Quetta and Karachi)
[1] along/near/on province boundaries/borders/along the boundary between province/area X and W/Y/Z
[1] (one is) on Afghanistan border
[1] Antimony
[1] bauxite/aluminium
[1] chromite/chromium
[1] copper
[1] gold
[1] iron (ore)
[1] lead (ore)
[1] magnesite/magnesium
[1] manganese
[1] marcasite
[1] silver
[1] tin/cassiterite
[1] zinc (ore)
[1] barren/very sparse/lack of/no vegetation
[1] valleys/gullies/ravines/troughs/depressions/rills
[1] steep (slopes)
[1] rugged/conical/cone shaped/peaks
[1] (bare)rock(s)/rocky/scree/debris
[1] strata/stratified/layers
[1] dry/arid
[1] land pollution/contamination of soils from mining waste
[1] water pollution from waste seeping into water supplies/groundwater/rivers/sea
[1] air pollution/dust/smoke/gases released (from mining/machinery/digging/blasting/drilling/mining processes)
[1] noise pollution from digging/blasting/drilling/machinery
[1] landscape scarring/subsidence/deformed land/sink holes due to heavy machinery/tunnel collapse
[1] depressions filled with rainwater which become polluted
[1] spoil heaps/dumped waste rocks/ impede drainage/cause flooding/scar the landscape
[1] landslides due to vibrations/blasting/(heavy) machinery
[1] clearing vegetation/deforestation (for mining) leads to soil erosion/damaged habitats/loss of biodiversity/open cast mining causes deforestation
[1] for energy/heating homes/cooking/as a fuel
[1] to run (thermal) power stations/generate electricity/for power (generation)
[1] to fuel/in brick kilns/furnaces/factories/industries/for manufacturing/used in the process of making steel/ cement/ceramics
[1] to make coke and coal briquettes
[1] coal = mining
[1] natural gas = drilling
[2] some regions are mountainous/rugged/high altitude; building pipelines is difficult/expensive/areas are inaccessible/trucks can't use steep roads/specialist equipment needed/gas pressure drops with altitude
[2] areas of Pakistan have extreme temperatures/hot/cold/ frozen conditions; roads can be blocked due to snow/pipeline ruptures difficult to repair/unpleasant for workers
[2] gas pipelines only go to major cities/do not go to sparsely populated areas; therefore, less gas availability in rural areas/areas distant from pipelines/ so pipelines are not economically viable
[2] gas transport beyond pipelines is by road; the road network isn't developed in all regions/trucks carrying cylinders only carry limited amounts/can have accidents/cause explosions
[2] damage from earthquakes/landslides; means pipelines are expensive to build/to maintain
[2] pipelines are costly to build/gas is an expensive fuel; require skilled labour/because transporting it to remote areas is costly
[6] Level 1: Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2)
[6] Level 2: Developed point referring to one view only (3) Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
[6] Level 3: Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)