Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing part of the urban area of Islamabad.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] on the outskirts/edge/east of Islamabad/built up/urban area/city
2. [1] along/on/accessed via Park Road
3. [1] near/close to the following named features: Rawal Lake, Rawal Town, Korang River, Jinnah Stadium, Shakarparian Park, Jinnah Convention centre, Park Road
4. [1] direction from any named feature: NE of Margalla Town/Pakistan Airforce Base Nur Khan, E/ENE of Rawal Town, E of Shakarparian Park, E/ESE of Jinnah Stadium/Fatima Jinnah Park, SE of Margalla Hills/Rawal Lake/President's House/Islamabad Zoo/Faisal Mosque/Jinnah Convention Centre, S/SW of Quaid-i-Azam University
5. [1] distance in km from any named feature: 1.5-5 Rawal Lake, 2.5-4.5 Rawal Town, 3.5-6.5 Margalla Town, 4.5-5.5 Jinnah Convention Centre, 4.5-7.5 Shakarparian Park, 5-6.5 Jinnah Stadium, 6-9 South of Quaid-i-Azam University, 7-9 President's House, 8-11Pakistan Air Force Base Nur Khan, 11-15 Margalla Hills, 10-12.5 Islamabad Zoo, 11-12.5 Faisal Mosque, 11-13.5 Fatima Jinnah Park
6. [1] parks/open spaces (in key)
7. [1] (main) commercial area (in key)
8. [1] Named features: (max 2) Jinnah Convention centre / Fatima Jinnah Park/Korang River /Islamabad Zoo/Jinnah Stadium/Margalla Hills/Rawal Lake/ Shakarparian Park/Quaid-i-Azam University
9. [1] hotels/guest houses/campsite
10. [1] restaurants/cafes
11. [1] shops/mall/markets
12. [1] parks/open space/picnic area
13. [1] taxis/car hire facilities/bus station
14. [1] museums/theatres/cinema
15. [1] wildlife centres/zoo
16. [1] sports ground/gym/stadium/racetrack/go-karting track/skatepark
17. [1] amusement park/theme park/water park/boating lake
18. [1] viewing point/observation tower
19. [1] The number of deaths/people who die per 1000 people per year
20. [2] (improved) medical/health facilities/medical staff; so there are fewer people per doctor/increased access to healthcare/people can be treated quickly/disease and illness diagnosed and treated (dev)
21. [2] (more) vaccination programmes e.g. cholera/covid-19/access to medicines e.g. antibiotics/malaria tablets; reduce death from disease/reduces infant mortality rates (dev)
22. [2] (improved) sanitation/access to clean water/flushing toilets/waste disposal/sewerage system/high quality housing; to avoid water borne disease/allows people to wash hands/surfaces/electricity/heating or other examples reduces risks of diseases (dev)
23. [2] (health) education/literacy e.g. importance of hygiene/about handling food/about alcohol/smoking/how diseases/viruses are spread/health information advertisements; leads to healthier lifestyles/to make people aware of how to keep fit and healthy/people seeking medical care when needed (dev)
24. [2] mechanisation/improvements in agriculture; increases food supply/prevents malnutrition/famine (dev)
25. [2] improved diets/healthier diets/increasing food production; examples of improvements in agriculture/people not eating too many calories/increasing calorific intake/which helps build healthy immune system (dev)
26. [2] exercising regularly; helps to maintain a healthy body/lowers risk of heart disease etc (dev)
27. [2] increasing incomes; to be able to afford higher quality housing/can afford medication/treatment (dev)
28. [2] legislation/(health and safety) regulations/building regulations/air and water pollution controls/smoking legislation; fewer people doing dangerous work/less likely to be killed in accidents/less destruction in natural disasters/safer/healthier environments (dev)
29. [1] more workers/economically active people producing goods/services/contributing to the economy/increasing GDP
30. [1] more workers to provide taxes to government
31. [1] people can work for longer so build more financial security/pensions/savings
32. [1] people can be independent/self-sufficient to an older age/not need to be cared for by younger adults
33. [1] older generation can pass down experience/skills/knowledge
34. [1] older generation can look after (grand)children/allow parents to work/do voluntary work
35. [1] reduced infant mortality/fewer child deaths increases future workforce
36. [1] transhumance is practised/farmers move their flocks to the cooler highlands in summer/move their flocks to the warmer plains/lowlands in winter
37. [1] nomadic farmers move to cities to sell livestock in markets/move to seek new grazing land for their animals
38. [1] water shortages due to seasonal drought
39. [1] lack of food/food shortages e.g. in summer due crop failure
40. [1] to avoid extreme cold/ice/snow in winter which make conditions dangerous/roads are blocked/mountain areas are isolated
41. [1] unbearable heat so people move to higher/cooler/northern areas in summer
42. [1] monsoon/seasonal flooding, e.g. along the River Indus
43. [1] lack of work e.g. in winter due to heavy snowfall
44. [1] seasonal work in tourism/agriculture/manufacturing e.g. cotton mills; people move to find another job after it ends
45. [1] moving for education/during term time/for the academic year
46. [6] Content Guide: Physical factors: Reasons why some administrative areas have a higher population density include: • there is more flat land available for building on • the climate is favourable for growing crops – no climate extremes such as too cold or too dry • there is a plentiful supply of fresh water for agricultural, domestic and industrial use • soils are fertile so a variety of crops can be grown Reasons why some administrative areas have a lower population density include: • steep slopes e.g. Gilgit-Baltistan which makes building settlements/roads/railways/airports difficult and thus these areas are inaccessible • low temperatures/ice and snow make areas unfavourable for living in and difficult to rear animals or grow crops • high temperatures and low rainfall in the desert areas e.g. Balochistan make it difficult to live there • infertile soils make growing a wide variety of crops difficult • regular flooding deters people from settling Social factors: (accept socio-economic factors) Reasons why some administrative areas have a higher population density include: • good quality, brick-built houses with electricity and clean running water e.g. people want to live in Karachi/Islamabad etc. • investment in education with a variety of schools from primary up to university level especially in the large cities attracts families • there is a wide variety of healthcare provision such as specialist clinics and hospitals, people want to live/work close to services • a variety of employment opportunities in all economic sectors or named examples of job types attracts a large population • higher wages tend to be paid in the cities, people live close to workplaces • MNC's/businesses or named examples offer employment to a large number of people, companies set up where there are large population centres and even more people are attracted Reasons why some administrative areas have a lower population density include: • less people so fewer schools/hospitals/services are provided • business/industry and investors favour cities, there are fewer of these in Balochistan/KPK/Gilgit-Baltistan so less investment and fewer jobs available • narrow range of job opportunities mostly in primary sector such as mining/farming which are lower paid/more risky/less attractive Examples: could include named areas/regions/provinces/cities, named rivers, mountain ranges. Guidance: Punjab and Sindh have a higher population density; KPK, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan have a lower population density.