Opposition to apartheid grew in the 1960s and 1970s.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] It was awful because the Bantustans were so overcrowded.
2. [1] It was very difficult to farm successfully because the land was so infertile.
3. [1] It was bad because the chiefs ruled as dictators.
4. [1] There were few jobs and most people were very poor.
5. [1] Many people lived in squalor with little in the way of sanitation.
6. [1] Medical provision was very poor.
7. [1] The elites did well by setting up casinos in the Bantustans.
8. [6] Opposition to apartheid from outside South Africa grew because many African nations were gaining independence from colonial rule, and these black-governed countries, particularly neighboring ones like Angola, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe, became hostile to South Africa's white minority rule. The United Nations, influenced by its growing number of black-governed member states, increasingly condemned apartheid. Additionally, public opinion in many Western countries, including Britain, was horrified by the injustices of apartheid, with events like the Sharpeville Massacre galvanizing international sentiment against the regime.
9. [1] This was because more African countries were being ruled by black governments who were against apartheid.
10. [1] The United Nations had many countries with black governments and they were against apartheid, turning the UN against it.
11. [1] Many ordinary people in countries like Britain were horrified by the injustices of apartheid.
12. [1] Events like Sharpeville turned more people outside South Africa against apartheid.
13. [10] The Soweto Uprising in 1976 was a turning point in the opposition to apartheid. Unlike earlier protests, Soweto sparked almost continuous unrest and violence, preventing the police from regaining full control of the townships. From this moment, opposition escalated rapidly in the 1980s, turning townships into hotbeds for ANC guerrillas and deepening international condemnation. OR The Soweto Uprising in 1976 was not a turning point. There had been riots and demonstrations long before Soweto, and it was just one of many such events. Apartheid and minority rule persisted for many years after Soweto, suggesting it was merely a step in a longer, gradual decline. The most significant protests and turning points occurred much later, in the second half of the 1980s, rather than the 1970s.
14. [1] The government never gained control of the townships again.
15. [1] After Soweto, opposition just grew and grew.
16. [1] Soweto led to even more opposition to apartheid around the world.
17. [1] A lot still needed to happen after Soweto before apartheid was ended.
18. [1] Soweto was just one of many demonstrations and periods of unrest.
19. [1] The important protests were those in the second half of the 1980s, not those in the 1970s.