Give an account of the tribes living in Madina and the details of the Constitution of Madina that brought them all together.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [10] (a) A comprehensive answer will provide an account of the people living in Madina, the Prophet's interactions with them and the Treaty they agreed upon.
2. [10] (a) The Aws and the Khazraj were two of the most prominent tribes of Madina. Most of the people belonging to these tribes had become Muslim and were together called 'Ansars' after the migration. These tribes had been fighting for 120 years. The Battle of Bu'ath was fought between them near the city of Madina before the arrival of the Prophet (pbuh). The Prophet's migration resolved the rivalry between them.
3. [10] (a) There were also some Jewish tribes living in Madina, most prominent of which were Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza. They had been waiting for the arrival of a prophet, but they had expected him to come from the lineage of Ishaq. There were also some Christians living there. After the arrival of the Muslims in Madina, another group was formed called 'hypocrites' in the Qur'an, although this was not a tribe.
4. [10] (a) All three Jewish tribes were rich and powerful, and also considered themselves more knowledgeable than the Arabs. Whereas the Arabs were all farmers, the Jews were the controllers of industry, business, and commerce, in Arabia, particularly in goldsmithing. Consequently, they had a high profile in the economic life of Madina.
5. [10] (a) As there had been fighting between the tribes, and there was also the chance that the Quraysh would try to attack the Muslims in Madina, the Prophet (pbuh) tried to unite the residents of Madina. He hoped to maintain friendly relations with them. One way to do this was to create a treaty for the citizens of Madina, including non-Muslims, about their rights and responsibilities as part of the community.
6. [10] (a) The constitution had two parts, the first part governed the relations between the believers, Migrants and Helpers, while the second part included Jews.
7. [10] (a) The treaty included that believers and Jews were to form one Umma (nation). Each would have complete freedom to practice their religion. The Jewish tribes and the Muslims were to offer peace and expel any enemy facing the city. If anyone were to attack, Jews and Muslims would help each other to fight off the attack.
8. [10] (a) Anyone causing oppression or breaking the Treaty would have to face the consequences. The Prophet (pbuh) would judge between them if disagreements occurred among them.
9. [10] (a) Madina would be a sanctuary for all the people of the document. No protection or refuge will be granted to Quraysh or their allies. The constitution also had provisions for a system of financial aid. The Quraysh were to be boycotted commercially.
10. [10] (a) The constitution stayed in place for 10 years and initially the relations between the different groups remained sound. They engaged in commercial dealings with each other and gave and received help from each other.
11. [10] (a) Details about the migration itself, the Pledges of Aqaba, the Brotherhood of Madina and the Prophet's activities in the early days, apart from those mentioned above, are not relevant, so are not credited.
12. [4] (b) It is important for Muslims to understand that when living with people of other faiths they should try to live amicably and protect the rights of each other.
13. [4] (b) Whether they are a minority where they live, or the majority, they should understand the needs of others living with them and ensure they have equal rights and respect each other's.
14. [4] (b) Candidates can also share examples of the lessons learned from the Constitution of Madina being applied in today's world such as entering into agreements with other communities and nations to establish common goals.
15. [4] (b) For example, sharing resources through economic co-operation agreements or establishing peace.