Not everyone was happy at the end of the Paris Peace Conference.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] (a) e.g. 'He hoped there would be a fair/just peace.'
2. '(a) He did not want Germany treated too harshly.'
3. '(a) He hoped that his Fourteen Points would be accepted.'
4. '(a) He wanted self-determination for people in Europe.'
5. '(a) He wanted disarmament.'
6. '(a) He wanted a settlement that would preserve peace in the future.'
7. '(a) He hoped that a League of Nations would be set up.'
8. '(a) He wanted to ban secret treaties.'
9. '(a) He wanted reparations.'
10. [4-5] (b) The Treaty of Sèvres was important because it broke up the Turkish Empire. Turkey lost lands to Bulgaria, Italy and Greece while areas like Armenia became independent. Parts of Turkey were to be controlled by the British, French and Italians as was Turkey's tax system. All this humiliated Turkey. It had once been a great empire. It also completely rewrote the map in that part of the world.
11. [2-3] (b) e.g. 'It dealt with Turkey.'
12. '(b) It broke up the Turkish Empire.'
13. '(b) It led to rejection by the Turks who resorted to force and drove the Greeks out of Smyrna.'
14. '(b) It gave Britain and France lands in the Middle East and strengthened their empires.'
15. '(b) It was unsuccessful.'
16. '(b) It led to protests.'
17. '(b) It was too harsh and had to be changed.'
18. '(b) The Treaty of Lausanne replaced it in 1923.'
19. [4-6] (c) 'I agree with this. Clemenceau wanted to make France safer from a German attack and he got some things that helped with this. He demanded the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France and this happened in the treaty. Germany was also made weaker by losing land that produced a lot of its iron ore and some of its coal. The reduction of its armed forces also made it weaker. All this meant that France was safer and this is what Clemenceau wanted.'
20. OR
21. '(c) Clemenceau did not get a lot of what he wanted. He wanted France to be safe from a future German attack and so demanded that the USA and Britain give a guarantee that they would come to France's aid if it was attacked by Germany. They did not agree to do this.'
22. [2-3] (c) e.g. 'Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.'
23. '(c) The German armed forces were greatly reduced in strength.'
24. '(c) Germany had to pay France huge reparations.'
25. '(c) The Rhineland was to be kept free of German troops.'
26. '(c) Germany became economically weaker by losing iron and coal resources.'
27. '(c) He failed to get the Rhineland as an independent state.'
28. '(c) Britain and the USA refused to give him promises of support over future German aggression.'
29. '(c) France was not made totally safe from another German invasion.'